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Searches using filters for organ/system affected are limited to effects (or tumor sites) used to derive the RfD, RfC, oral slope factor, or inhalation unit risk. Other effects associated with chemicals in the IRIS database that were not used as the basis for a toxicity value are not searchable with organ/system filters. IRIS Advanced Search searches only final IRIS assessments; to look for information on draft assessments, see Quick Check: Assessments in Development. Additional information can be downloaded below by clicking on the “Export to Excel” feature.
WOE Toxicity Values
| ROW | CHEMICAL NAME | CAS REG DISPLAY | CA ROUTE | TUMOR SITE | PT DESC | PRECURSOR TUMOR | PT STUDY SUBJECT | STUDY ROUTE CODE | STUDY ROUTE QUALIFIER | STUDY CITATION DESC | SLOPEFACTOR VALUE | SF MUTAGENIC MODE OF ACTION | UNIT RISK VALUE | UR MUTAGENIC MODE OF ACTION | UR EXTRAP METHOD | PT FOOTNOTE | E4 VALUE | E5 VALUE | E6 VALUE |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Acephate | 30560-19-1 | Oral | Hepatic | Liver adenomas and carcinomas | Tumor | Mouse/ CD-1, female | Oral | Diet | Chevron Chemical, 1982a | 8.7 x 10 -3 per mg/kg-day | No | 2.5 x 10 -7 per µg/L | No | Linearized multistage procedure, extra risk | None | 4 x 10 2 µg/L | 4 x 10 1 µg/L | 4 µg/L |
| 2 | Acetaldehyde | 75-07-0 | Inhalation | Respiratory | Nasal squamous cell carcinoma or adenocarcinoma | Tumor | Rat/SPF Wistar, male | Inhalation | None | Woutersen and Appleman, 1984 | None | No | 2.2 x 10 -6 per µg/m3 | No | Linearized multistage-variable exposure input form (extra risk) | None | 5 x 10 1 µg/m3 | 5 µg/m3 | 5 x 10 -1 µg/m3 |
| 3 | Acrylamide | 79-06-1 | Oral | Endocrine, Reproductive | thyroid tumors and tunica vaginalis mesotheliomas | Tumor | Rat/Fischer 344, males | Oral | drinking water | Johnson et al., 1986 | 8.3 x 10 -1 per mg/kg-day | No | None | No | Multistage model with linear extrapolation from the point of departure (BMDL), summed risk, includes application of age-dependent adjustment factors (ADAFs). | EPA has concluded that acrylamide is carcinogenic by a mutagenic mode of action. Thus, based on the EPA cancer guidelines (2005), the oral slope factor (OSF) addressing lifetime exposure includes application of ADAFs. The OSF is recommended for lifetime exposures. EPA has also provided an adult-based cancer slope factor of 5 x 10-1 per mg/kg-day. This adult-based cancer slope factor can be used instead of the OSF when assessing cancer risk associated with exposure scenarios that don’t include early life (< 16 years of age) or when other calculations by the user are necessary (e.g., when applying ADAFs to age-specific exposure estimates). | None | None | None |
| 4 | Acrylamide | 79-06-1 | Inhalation | Endocrine, Reproductive | thyroid tumors and tunica vaginalis mesotheliomas | Tumor | Rat/Fischer 344, males | Oral | drinking water | Johnson et al., 1986 | None | No | 1.7 x 10 -4 per µg/m3 | No | Multistage model with linear extrapolation from the point of departure (BMDL), summed risk, includes application of age-dependent adjustment factors (ADAFs). | EPA has concluded that acrylamide is carcinogenic by a mutagenic mode of action. Thus, based on the EPA cancer guidelines (2005), the inhalation unit risk (IUR) addressing lifetime exposure includes application of ADAFs. The IUR is recommended for lifetime exposures. | None | None | None |
| 5 | Acrylonitrile | 107-13-1 | Inhalation | Respiratory | Respiratory cancer | Tumor | Humans | Inhalation | None | O'Berg, 1980 | None | No | 6.8 x 10 -5 per µg/m3 | No | Average relative risk | None | 1 µg/m3 | 1 x 10 -1 µg/m3 | 1 x 10 -2 µg/m3 |
| 6 | Acrylonitrile | 107-13-1 | Oral | Gastrointestinal, Nervous, Other | Brain and spinal cord astrocytomas, Zymbal gland carcinomas and stomach papillomas/ carcinomas | Tumor | Rats (Spartan Sprague-Dawley, males Fischer 344, males Sprague-Dawley, males) | Oral | Drinking water | Biodynamics, 1980a,b Quast et al., 1980a | 5.4 x 10 -1 per mg/kg-day | No | 1.5 x 10 -5 per µg/L | No | Linearized multistage procedure, extra risk | None | 6 µg/L | 6 x 10 -1 µg/L | 6 x 10 -2 µg/L |
| 7 | Aldrin | 309-00-2 | Oral | Hepatic | Liver carcinoma | Tumor | Mouse/C3H (Davis); mouse/B6C3F1, male (NCI) | Oral | Drin | Davis, 1965, NCI, 1978 | 1.7 x 10 1 per mg/kg-day | No | 4.9 x 10 -4 per µg/L | No | Linearized multistage procedure, extra risk | None | 2 x 10 -1 µg/L | 2 x 10 -2 µg/L | 2 x 10 -3 µg/L |
| 8 | Aldrin | 309-00-2 | Inhalation | Hepatic | Liver carcinoma | Tumor | Mouse/C3H (Davis); mouse/B6C3F1, male (NCI) | Oral | Diet | Davis, 1965, NCI, 1978 | None | No | 4.9 x 10 -3 per µg/m3 | No | Linearized multistage procedure, extra risk | None | 2 x 10 -2 µg/m3 | 2 x 10 -3 µg/m3 | 2 x 10 -4 µg/m3 |
| 9 | Aniline | 62-53-3 | Oral | Immune | Spleen, combined fibrosarcoma, stromal sarcoma, capsular sarcoma and hemangiosarcoma | Tumor | Rat/CD-F, male | Oral | Diet | CIIT, 1982 | 5.7 x 10 -3 per mg/kg-day | No | 1.6 x 10 -7 per µg/L | No | Linearized multistage procedure, extra risk | None | 6 x 10 2 µg/L | 6 x 10 1 µg/L | 6 µg/L |
| 10 | Aramite | 140-57-8 | Inhalation | Hepatic | Neoplastic liver nodules and carcinomas | Tumor | Rat/ FDRL, male and female | Oral | Diet | Popper et al., 1960; Oser and Oser, 1962 | None | No | 7.1 x 10 -6 per µg/m3 | No | Linearized multistage procedure, extra risk | None | 1 x 10 1 µg/m3 | 1 µg/m3 | 1 x 10 -1 µg/m3 |
| 11 | Aramite | 140-57-8 | Oral | Hepatic | Neoplastic liver nodules and carcinomas | Tumor | Rat/ FDRL, male and female | Oral | Diet | Popper et al., 1960; Oser and Oser, 1962 | 2.5 x 10 -2 per mg/kg-day | No | 7.1 x 10 -7 per µg/L | No | Linearized multistage procedure, extra risk | None | 1 x 10 2 µg/L | 1 x 10 1 µg/L | 1 µg/L |
| 12 | Arsenic, Inorganic | 7440-38-2 | Oral | Respiratory, Urinary | Bladder Cancer and Lung Cancer | Tumor | Human | Oral | None | None | 3.2 x 10 1 per mg/kg-day | No | None | No | Bayesian hierarchical dose-response meta-analysis using the logistic-power model. | Cancer slope factor is a combined cancer slope factor representing the risk of developing bladder and/or lung cancer and was derived by combining the individual cancer slope factors of 17.6 per mg/kg-day (1.76 × 10-2 per µg/kg-day) for bladder cancer and 21.3 per mg/kg-day (2.13 × 10-2 per µg/kg-day) for lung cancer. Both individual cancer slope factors were derived from Bayesian dose-response meta-analyses of (1) eleven studies for bladder cancer (Chen et al., 2010; Steinmaus et al., 2013; Wu et al., 2013; Bates et al., 1995; Steinmaus et al., 2003; Bates et al., 2004; Meliker et al., 2010; Baris et al., 2016; Chang et al., 2016; Karagas et al., 2004; Michaud et al., 2004); and (2) six studies for lung cancer (Argos et al., 2014; García-Esquinas et al., 2013; Chen et al., 2010; Dauphiné et al., 2013; Ferreccio et al., 2000; Steinmaus et al., 2013). See Sections 4.3.5, 4.3.6, and 4.7 of the IRIS Toxicological Review for more information. | None | None | None |
| 13 | Arsenic, Inorganic | 7440-38-2 | Inhalation | Respiratory | Lung cancer (Brown and Chu, 1983a,b,c; Lee-Feldstein, 1983; Higgins, 1982; Enterline and Marsh, 1982) | None | None | None | None | None | None | None | 4.3 x 10 -3 per µg/m3 | None | Absolute-risk linear model | The 2025 iAs assessment focused on oral exposures and updated the previous RfD and oral slope factor, but did not update the existing inhalation unit risk (IUR). The IUR listed here (1995) remains in effect (https://iris.epa.gov/document/&deid=364455). | None | None | None |
| 14 | Asbestos | 1332-21-4 | Inhalation | Respiratory | Lung cancer and mesothelioma | Tumor | Human | Inhalation | Occupational exposure | Selikoff et al., 1979; Peto et al., 1982; Seidman et al., 1979; Peto, 1980; Finkelstein, 1983 | None | No | 2.3 x 10 -1 per f/mL | No | Additive risk of lung cancer and mesothelioma, using relative risk model for lung cancer and absolute risk model for mesothelioma | None | 4 x 10 -4 f/mL | 4 x 10 -5 f/mL | 4 x 10 -6 f/mL |
| 15 | Azobenzene | 103-33-3 | Inhalation | Other | Abdominal cavity sarcomas | Tumor | Rats/ F344, female | Oral | Diet | NCI, 1979 | None | No | 3.1 x 10 -5 per µg/m3 | No | Linearized multistage procedure, extra risk | None | 3 µg/m3 | 3 x 10 -1 µg/m3 | 3 x 10 -2 µg/m3 |
| 16 | Azobenzene | 103-33-3 | Oral | Other | Abdominal cavity sarcomas | Tumor | Rats/ F344, female | Oral | Diet | NCI, 1979 | 1.1 x 10 -1 per mg/kg-day | No | 3.1 x 10 -6 per µg/L | No | Linearized multistage procedure, extra risk | None | 3 x 10 1 µg/L | 3 µg/L | 3 x 10 -1 µg/L |
| 17 | Benzene | 71-43-2 | Inhalation | Hematologic | Leukemia | Tumor | Human | Inhalation | None | Rinsky et al., 1981, 1987 Paustenbach et al., 1993 Crump and Allen, 1984 Crump, 1992, 1994 U.S. EPA, 1998 | None | No | 2.2 x 10 -6 per µg/m3 | No | Low-dose linearity utilizing maximum likelihood estimates | None | 1.3 x 10 1 µg/m3 | 1.3 µg/m3 | 1.3 x 10 -1 µg/m3 |
| 18 | Benzene | 71-43-2 | Oral | Hematologic | Leukemia | Tumor | Human | Inhalation | Occupational exposure | Rinsky et al., 1981, 1987 Paustenbach et al., 1993 Crump, 1994 U. S. EPA, 1998 U.S. EPA, 1999 | 5.5 x 10 -2 per mg/kg-day | No | 1.6 x 10 -6 per µg/L | No | Linear extrapolation of human occupational data | None | 1 x 10 3 µg/L | 1 x 10 2 µg/L | 1 x 10 1 µg/L |
| 19 | Benzene | 71-43-2 | Oral | Hematologic | Leukemia | Tumor | Human | Inhalation | Occupational exposure | Rinsky et al., 1981, 1987 Paustenbach et al., 1993 Crump, 1994 U. S. EPA, 1998 U.S. EPA, 1999 | 1.5 x 10 -2 per mg/kg-day | No | 4.4 x 10 -7 per µg/L | No | Linear extrapolation of human occupational data | None | 1 x 10 2 µg/L | 1 x 10 1 µg/L | 1 µg/L |
| 20 | Benzene | 71-43-2 | Inhalation | Hematologic | Leukemia | Tumor | Human | Inhalation | None | Rinsky et al., 1981, 1987 Paustenbach et al., 1993 Crump and Allen, 1984 Crump, 1992, 1994 U.S. EPA, 1998 | None | No | 7.8 x 10 -6 per µg/m3 | No | Low-dose linearity utilizing maximum likelihood estimates | None | 4.5 x 10 1 µg/m3 | 4.5 µg/m3 | 4.5 x 10 -1 µg/m3 |
| 21 | Benzidine | 92-87-5 | Inhalation | Urinary | Bladder tumors | Tumor | Human | Inhalation | Occupational exposure | Zavon, 1973 | None | No | 6.7 x 10 -2 per µg/m3 | No | One-hit with time factor, extra risk | None | 2 x 10 -3 µg/m3 | 2 x 10 -4 µg/m3 | 2 x 10 -5 µg/m3 |
| 22 | Benzidine | 92-87-5 | Oral | Urinary | Bladder tumors | Tumor | Human | Inhalation | Occupational exposure | Zavon, 1973 | 2.3 x 10 2 per mg/kg-day | No | 6.7 x 10 -3 per µg/L | No | One-hit with time factor, extra risk | None | 2 x 10 -2 µg/L | 2 x 10 -3 µg/L | 2 x 10 -4 µg/L |
| 23 | Benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) | 50-32-8 | Inhalation | Gastrointestinal, Respiratory | Squamous cell neoplasia in the larynx, pharynx, trachea, nasal cavity, esophagus, and forestomach. | Tumor | male hamsters | Inhalation | None | Thyssen et al., 1981 | None | Yes | 1 x 10 -3 per µg/m3 | Yes | Time-to-tumor dose-response model with linear extrapolation from the POD ((BMCL10(HED)) associated with 10% extra cancer risk, includes application of age-dependent adjustment factors (ADAFs). | EPA has concluded that benzo[a]pyrene is carcinogenic by a mutagenic mode of action. Thus, based on the EPA cancer guidelines (2005), the inhalation unit risk (IUR) addressing lifetime exposure includes application of ADAFs. The IUR is recommended for lifetime exposures. EPA has also provided an adult-based cancer unit risk of 6 x 10-4 per µg/m3. This adult-based cancer unit risk can be used instead of the IUR when assessing cancer risk associated with exposure scenarios that don’t include early life (< 16 years of age) or when other calculations by the user are necessary (e.g., when applying ADAFs to age-specific exposure estimates). | None | None | None |
| 24 | Benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) | 50-32-8 | Oral | Gastrointestinal | forestomach, esophagus, tongue, and larynx tumors | Tumor | male and female Wistar rats female B6C3F1 mice | Oral | Gavage Diet | Kroese et al. 2001; Beland and Culp, 1998 | 2 per mg/kg-day | Yes | None | Yes | Time-to-tumor dose-response model with linear extrapolation from the POD (BMDL10(HED)) associated with 10% extra cancer risk, includes application of age-dependent adjustment factors (ADAFs). | EPA has concluded that benzo[a]pyrene is carcinogenic by a mutagenic mode of action. Thus, based on the EPA cancer guidelines (2005), the oral slope factor (OSF) addressing lifetime exposure includes application of ADAFs. The OSF is recommended for lifetime exposures. EPA has also provided an adult-based cancer slope factor of 1 per mg/kg-day. This adult-based cancer slope factor can be used instead of the OSF when assessing cancer risk associated with exposure scenarios that don’t include early life (< 16 years of age) or when other calculations by the user are necessary (e.g., when applying ADAFs to age-specific exposure estimates). | None | None | None |
| 25 | Benzotrichloride | 98-07-7 | Oral | Respiratory | Lung, adenocarcinoma | Tumor | Mouse/ ICR, female | Oral | Gavage, sesame oil | Fukuda et al., 1978 | 1.3 x 10 1 per mg/kg-day | No | 3.6 x 10 -4 per µg/L | No | Linearized multistage procedure, extra risk | None | 3 x 10 -1 µg/L | 3 x 10 -2 µg/L | 3 x 10 -3 µg/L |
| 26 | Benzyl chloride | 100-44-7 | Oral | Endocrine | Thyroid, C-cell adenoma/ carcinoma | Tumor | Rat/Fischer 344, female | Oral | Gavage, corn oil | Lijinsky, 1986 | 1.7 x 10 -1 per mg/kg-day | No | 4.9 x 10 -6 per µg/L | No | Linearized multistage procedure, extra risk | None | 2 x 10 1 µg/L | 2 µg/L | 2 x 10 -1 µg/L |
| 27 | Beryllium and compounds | 7440-41-7 | Inhalation | Respiratory | Lung cancer | Tumor | Human, male | Inhalation | Occupational exposure | Wagoner et al., 1980 | None | No | 2.4 x 10 -3 per µg/m3 | No | Relative risk | None | 4 x 10 -2 µg/m3 | 4 x 10 -3 µg/m3 | 4 x 10 -4 µg/m3 |
| 28 | Biphenyl | 92-52-4 | Oral | Hepatic | Liver adenomas or carcinomas | Tumor | female BDF1 mice | Oral | Diet | Umeda et al., 2005 | 8 x 10 -3 per mg/kg-day | None | 2.3 x 10 -7 per µg/L | None | Multistage model with linear extrapolation from the POD (LED10). | None | 4.3 x 10 2 µg/L | 4.3 x 10 1 µg/L | 4 µg/L |
| 29 | Bis(chloroethyl)ether (BCEE) | 111-44-4 | Oral | Hepatic | Hepatomas | Tumor | Mouse/(C57B1/6 x C3H/AnF)F1, male | Oral | Gavage followed by diet | Innes et al., 1969 | 1.1 per mg/kg-day | No | 3.3 x 10 -5 per µg/L | No | Linearized multistage procedure, extra risk | None | 3 µg/L | 3 x 10 -1 µg/L | 3 x 10 -2 µg/L |
| 30 | Bis(chloroethyl)ether (BCEE) | 111-44-4 | Inhalation | Hepatic | Hepatomas | Tumor | Mouse/(C57B1/6 x C3H/AnF)F1, male | Oral | Gavage followed by diet | Innes et al., 1969 | None | No | 3.3 x 10 -4 per µg/m3 | No | Linearized multistage procedure, extra risk | None | 3 x 10 -1 µg/m3 | 3 x 10 -2 µg/m3 | 3 x 10 -3 µg/m3 |
| 31 | Bis(chloromethyl)ether (BCME) | 542-88-1 | Inhalation | Respiratory | Respiratory tract tumors | Tumor | Rat/Sprague-Dawley, male | Inhalation | None | Kuschner et al., 1975 | None | No | 6.2 x 10 -2 per µg/m3 | No | Linearized multistage procedure, extra risk | None | 1.6 x 10 -3 µg/m3 | 1.6 x 10 -4 µg/m3 | 1.6 x 10 -5 µg/m3 |
| 32 | Bis(chloromethyl)ether (BCME) | 542-88-1 | Oral | Respiratory | Respiratory tract tumors | Tumor | Rat/Sprague-Dawley, male | Inhalation | None | Kuschner et al., 1975 | 2.2 x 10 2 per mg/kg-day | No | 6.2 x 10 -3 per µg/L | No | Linearized multistage procedure, extra risk | None | 1.6 x 10 -2 µg/L | 1.6 x 10 -3 µg/L | 1.6 x 10 -4 µg/L |
| 33 | Bromate | 15541-45-4 | Oral | Endocrine, Reproductive, Urinary | Testicular mesothelioma, renal tubular adenoma and carcinoma, and thyroid follicular cell adenoma and carcinoma | Tumor | F344 rats, male | Oral | Drinking water | DeAngelo et al., 1998 | 7 x 10 -1 per mg/kg-day | No | 2 x 10 -5 per µg/L | No | Time-to-tumor, Weibull | None | 5 µg/L | 5 x 10 -1 µg/L | 5 x 10 -2 µg/L |
| 34 | Bromodichloromethane | 75-27-4 | Oral | Urinary | Kidney (tubular cell adenoma and tubular cell adenocarcinoma) | Tumor | B6C3F1 mice, male | Oral | Gavage, corn oil | NTP, 1987 | 6.2 x 10 -2 per mg/kg-day | No | 1.8 x 10 -6 per µg/L | No | Linearized multistage procedure, extra risk | None | 6 x 10 1 µg/L | 6 µg/L | 6 x 10 -1 µg/L |
| 35 | Bromoform | 75-25-2 | Inhalation | Gastrointestinal | Neoplastic lesions in the large intestine | Tumor | F344/N rat, female | Oral | Gavage in corn oil | NTP, 1988 | None | No | 1.1 x 10 -6 per µg/m3 | No | Linearized multistage procedure, extra risk | None | 9 x 10 1 µg/m3 | 9 µg/m3 | 9 x 10 -1 µg/m3 |
| 36 | Bromoform | 75-25-2 | Oral | Gastrointestinal | Neoplastic lesions in the large intestine | Tumor | F344/N rat, female | Oral | Gavage in corn oil | NTP, 1988 | 7.9 x 10 -3 per mg/kg-day | No | 2.3 x 10 -7 per µg/L | No | Linearized multistage procedure, extra risk | None | 4 x 10 2 µg/L | 4 x 10 1 µg/L | 4 µg/L |
| 37 | 1,3-Butadiene | 106-99-0 | Inhalation | Hematologic | Leukemia | Tumor | Human | Inhalation | None | Health Canada, 1998; U.S. EPA, 2002 | None | No | 3 x 10 -5 per µg/m3 | No | Linear extrapolation from LEC01 (0.254 ppm); LEC01 derived from linear relative rate model (RR = 1 + (B)(x)) using lifetable analysis with leukemia incidence data; an adjustment factor of 2 was applied. | None | 3 µg/m3 | 3 x 10 -1 µg/m3 | 3 x 10 -2 µg/m3 |
| 38 | Cadmium | 7440-43-9 | Inhalation | Respiratory | Lung, trachea, bronchus cancer deaths | Tumor | Human/ white male | Inhalation | Exposure in the workplace | Thun et al., 1985 | None | No | 1.8 x 10 -3 per µg/m3 | No | Two stage; only first affected by exposure; extra risk | None | 6 x 10 -2 µg/m3 | 6 x 10 -3 µg/m3 | 6 x 10 -4 µg/m3 |
| 39 | Carbon tetrachloride | 56-23-5 | Inhalation | Endocrine | Pheochromocytoma | Tumor | Male BDF1 mouse | Inhalation | None | Nagano et al. 2007b, JBRC 1998 | None | No | 6 x 10 -6 per µg/m3 | No | Log-probit model with linear extrapolation from the POD (LEC10). | None | 1.7 x 10 1 µg/m3 | 1.7 µg/m3 | 1.7 x 10 -1 µg/m3 |
| 40 | Carbon tetrachloride | 56-23-5 | Oral | Hepatic | Hepatocellular adenoma or carcinoma | Tumor | Female BDF1 mouse | Inhalation | route-to-route extrapolation, PBPK modeling | Nagano et al., 2007b, JBRC, 1998 | 7 x 10 -2 per mg/kg-day | No | 2 x 10 -6 per µg/L | No | Multistage model with linear extrapolation from the POD (LED10). | None | 5 x 10 1 µg/L | 5 µg/L | 5 x 10 -1 µg/L |
| 41 | Chlordane (Technical) | 12789-03-6 | Oral | Hepatic | Hepatocellular carcinoma | Tumor | Mouse/ CD-1 (IRDC); mouse/ B6C3F1(NCI); mouse/ ICR (Khasawinah and Grutsch) | Oral | Diet | IRDC, 1973; NCI, 1977; Khasawinah and Grutsch, 1989b | 3.5 x 10 -1 per mg/kg-day | No | 1 x 10 -5 per µg/L | No | Linearized multistage procedure, extra risk | None | 1 x 10 1 µg/L | 1 µg/L | 1 x 10 -1 µg/L |
| 42 | Chlordane (Technical) | 12789-03-6 | Inhalation | Hepatic | Hepatocellular carcinoma | Tumor | Mouse/ CD-1 (IRDC); mouse/ B6C3F1(NCI); mouse/ ICR (Khasawinah and Grutsch) | Oral | Diet | IRDC, 1973; NCI, 1977; Khasawinah and Grutsch, 1989b | None | No | 1 x 10 -4 per µg/m3 | No | Linearized multistage procedure, extra risk | None | 1 µg/m3 | 1 x 10 -1 µg/m3 | 1 x 10 -2 µg/m3 |
| 43 | Chlordecone (Kepone) | 143-50-0 | Oral | Hepatic | liver hepatocellular carcinoma | Tumor | B6C3F1 mice | Oral | dietary | NCI (1976a) | 1 x 10 1 per mg/kg-day | No | 3 x 10 -4 per µg/L | No | Multistage-Weibull model (implemented in TOX_RISK) with linear extrapolation from the POD (BMDL10). | None | 3.3 x 10 -1 µg/L | 3.3 x 10 -2 µg/L | 3.3 x 10 -3 µg/L |
| 44 | Chloroform | 67-66-3 | Inhalation | Hepatic | Hepatocellular carcinoma | Tumor | Mouse, B6C3F1, female | Oral | Gavage | NCI, 1976 | None | No | 2.3 x 10 -5 per µg/m3 | No | Linearized multistage procedure, extra risk | None | 4 µg/m3 | 4 x 10 -1 µg/m3 | 4 x 10 -2 µg/m3 |
| 45 | Chloroprene | 126-99-8 | Inhalation | Dermal, Gastrointestinal, Hepatic, Ocular, Other, Reproductive, Respiratory | alveolar/ bronchiolar adenoma or carcinoma hemangioma/ hemangiosarcoma (all organs) mammary gland adenocarcinoma, carcinoma, or adenoacanthoma forestomach squamous cell papilloma or carcinoma hepatocellular adenoma or carcinoma Harderian gland adenoma or carcinoma skin sarcoma and Zymbal's gland carcinoma | Tumor | female B6C3F1 mice | Inhalation | None | NTP, 1998 | None | No | 3 x 10 -4 per µg/m3 | No | Multistage model with linear extrapolation from the point of departure (BMDL), summed risk. | ADAF -- EPA has concluded that chloroprene is carcinogenic by a mutagenic mode of action. Application of age-dependent adjustment factors (ADAFs) to the inhalation unit risk is recommended in combination with appropriate exposure data when assessing risk associated with early-life exposure. | None | None | None |
| 46 | Chromium(VI) | 18540-29-9 | Oral | Gastrointestinal | Squamous cell carcinoma or squamous cell papilloma. | None | None | None | None | NTP, 2008 | 2.7 x 10 -1 per mg/kg-day | None | None | None | HEDs calculated using BW3/4 scaling | EPA has concluded that Cr(VI) is carcinogenic by a mutagenic mode of action. Thus, based on the EPA cancer guidelines (2005), the oral slope factor (OSF) addressing lifetime exposure includes application of age-dependent adjustment factors (ADAFs). The OSF is recommended for lifetime exposures. An adult-based cancer slope factor of 0.16 per mg/kg-day is also provided. This adult-based cancer slope factor can be used instead of the OSF when assessing cancer risk associated with exposure scenarios that don’t include early life (< 16 years of age) or when other calculations by the user are necessary (e.g., when applying ADAFs to age-specific exposure estimates). | None | None | None |
| 47 | Chromium(VI) | 18540-29-9 | Inhalation | Respiratory | Lung cancer | Tumor | None | None | None | None | None | No | 1.8 x 10 -2 per µg/m3 | No | Linear extrapolation from LEC01 derived from Cox proportional hazard model with 5 year lag using lifetable analysis. | EPA has concluded that Cr(VI) is carcinogenic by a mutagenic mode of action. Thus, based on the EPA cancer guidelines (2005), the inhalation unit risk (IUR) addressing lifetime exposure includes application of age-dependent adjustment factors (ADAFs). The IUR is recommended for lifetime exposures. An adult-based cancer inhalation unit risk of 0.011 per µg/m3 is also provided. This adult-based cancer inhalation unit risk can be used instead of the IUR when assessing cancer risk associated with exposure scenarios that don’t include early life (< 16 years of age) or when other calculations by the user are necessary (e.g., when applying ADAFs to age-specific exposure estimates). | None | None | None |
| 48 | Coke oven emissions | None | Inhalation | Respiratory | Respiratory cancer | Tumor | Human, male | Inhalation | Occupational | Mazumdar et al., 1975; Land, 1976 | None | No | 6.2 x 10 -4 per µg/m3 | No | Linearized multistage procedure | None | 2 x 10 -1 µg/m3 | 2 x 10 -2 µg/m3 | 2 x 10 -3 µg/m3 |
| 49 | 2,2',3,3',4,4',5,5',6,6'-Decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209) | 1163-19-5 | Oral | Hepatic | Liver neoplastic nodules or carcinoma (combined) | Tumor | Male F344/N rats | Oral | diet | NTP (1986) | 7 x 10 -4 per mg/kg-day | No | 2 x 10 -8 per µg/L | No | Multistage model with linear extrapolation from the point of departure (LED12). | None | 5 x 10 3 µg/L | 5 x 10 2 µg/L | 5 x 10 1 µg/L |
| 50 | Di (2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) | 117-81-7 | Oral | Hepatic | Hepatocellular carcinoma and adenoma | Tumor | Mouse/ B6C3F1, male | Oral | Diet | NTP, 1982 | 1.4 x 10 -2 per mg/kg-day | No | 4 x 10 -7 per µg/L | No | Linearized multistage procedure, extra risk | None | 3 x 10 2 µg/L | 3 x 10 1 µg/L | 3 µg/L |
| 51 | Di(2-ethylhexyl)adipate | 103-23-1 | Oral | Hepatic | Combined hepatocellular adenomas and carcinomas | Tumor | Mouse/ B6C3F1, female | Oral | Diet | NTP, 1982 | 1.2 x 10 -3 per mg/kg-day | No | 3.4 x 10 -8 per µg/L | No | Linearized multistage procedure, extra risk | None | 3 x 10 3 µg/L | 3 x 10 2 µg/L | 3 x 10 1 µg/L |
| 52 | Dibromochloromethane | 124-48-1 | Oral | Hepatic | Hepatocellular adenoma or carcinoma | Tumor | Mouse/ B6C3F1, female | Oral | Gavage | NTP, 1985 | 8.4 x 10 -2 per mg/kg-day | No | 2.4 x 10 -6 per µg/L | No | Linearized multistage procedure, extra risk | None | 4 x 10 1 µg/L | 4 µg/L | 4 x 10 -1 µg/L |
| 53 | 1,2-Dibromoethane | 106-93-4 | Inhalation | Other, Reproductive, Respiratory | Nasal cavity (includes adenoma, adenocarcinoma, papillary adenoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and or/papilloma), hemangiosarcomas, mesotheliomas | Tumor | Rat/ Fischer 344, male | Inhalation | None | NTP, 1982 | None | No | 6 x 10 -4 per µg/m3 | No | Multistage-Weibull model linear extrapolation from lower 95% confidence limit on dose associated with extra risk (adjusted for background) at point of departure at lower end of data range. | None | 2 x 10 -1 µg/m3 | 2 x 10 -2 µg/m3 | 2 x 10 -3 µg/m3 |
| 54 | 1,2-Dibromoethane | 106-93-4 | Inhalation | Other, Reproductive, Respiratory | Nasal cavity (includes adenoma, adenocarcinoma, papillary adenoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and or/papilloma), hemangiosarcomas, mesotheliomas | Tumor | Rat/ Fischer 344, male | Inhalation | None | NTP, 1982 | None | No | 3 x 10 -4 per µg/m3 | No | Multistage model with Poly-3 adjusted incidence data central tendency estimate | None | None | None | None |
| 55 | 1,2-Dibromoethane | 106-93-4 | Oral | Endocrine, Gastrointestinal, Other | Forestomach tumors, hemangiosarcomas, thyroid follicular cell adenomas or carcinomas | Tumor | Rat/Osborne-Mendel, male | Oral | gavage | NCI, 1978 | 2 per mg/kg-day | None | 6 x 10 -5 per µg/L | None | Multistage model with Poly-3 adjusted incidence data linear extrapolation from lower 95% confidence limit on dose associated with extra risk (adjusted for background) at point of departure at lower end of data range. | None | 2 µg/L | 2 x 10 -1 µg/L | 2 x 10 -2 µg/L |
| 56 | 1,2-Dibromoethane | 106-93-4 | Oral | Endocrine, Gastrointestinal, Other | Forestomach tumors, hemangiosarcomas, thyroid follicular cell adenomas or carcinomas | Tumor | Rat/Osborne-Mendel, male | Oral | gavage | NCI, 1978 | 1 mg/kg-day | None | None | None | Multistage model with Poly-3 adjusted incidence data central tendency estimate | None | None | None | None |
| 57 | Dichloroacetic acid | 79-43-6 | Oral | Hepatic | Hepatoadenoma and Hepatocarcinoma | Tumor | Male B6C3F1 mice | Oral | drinking water | DeAngelo et. al., 1999 | 5 x 10 -2 per mg/kg-day | No | 1.4 x 10 -6 per µg/L | No | Multistage model with Benchmark Dose Modeling | None | 7 x 10 1 µg/L | 7 µg/L | 7 x 10 -1 µg/L |
| 58 | 3,3'-Dichlorobenzidine | 91-94-1 | Oral | Reproductive | Mammary adenocarcinoma | Tumor | Rat/ ChR-CD, female | Oral | Diet | Stula et al., 1975 | 4.5 x 10 -1 per mg/kg-day | No | 1.3 x 10 -5 per µg/L | No | Linearized multistage procedure, extra risk | None | 8 µg/L | 8 x 10 -1 µg/L | 8 x 10 -2 µg/L |
| 59 | p,p'-Dichlorodiphenyl dichloroethane (DDD) | 72-54-8 | Oral | Hepatic | Liver tumors | Tumor | Mouse/ CF-1, males | Oral | Diet | Tomatis et al., 1974 | 2.4 x 10 -1 per mg/kg-day | No | 6.9 x 10 -6 per µg/L | No | Linearized multistage procedure, extra risk | None | 1 x 10 1 µg/L | 1 µg/L | 1 x 10 -1 µg/L |
| 60 | p,p'-Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE) | 72-55-9 | Oral | Hepatic | Hepatocellular carcinomas, hepatomas | Tumor | Mouse/ B6C3F1; mouse/ CF-1; hamsters/ Syrian Golden | Oral | Diet | NCI, 1978; Tomatis et al., 1974; Rossi et al., 1983 | 3.4 x 10 -1 per mg/kg-day | No | 9.7 x 10 -6 per µg/L | No | Linearized multistage procedure, extra risk | None | 1 x 10 1 µg/L | 1 µg/L | 1 x 10 -1 µg/L |
| 61 | p,p'-Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) | 50-29-3 | Inhalation | Hepatic | Liver tumors, benign and malignant | Tumor | Mouse/ CF-1; Mouse/ BALB/C; Rat/ MRC Porton; Rat/ Wistar | Oral | Diet | Turusov et al., 1973; Terracini et al., 1973; Thorpe and Walker, 1973; Tomatis and Turusov, 1975; Cabral et al., 1982; Rossi et al., 1977 | None | No | 9.7 x 10 -5 per µg/m3 | No | Linear multistage procedure, extra risk | None | 1 µg/m3 | 1 x 10 -1 µg/m3 | 1 x 10 -2 µg/m3 |
| 62 | p,p'-Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) | 50-29-3 | Oral | Hepatic | Liver tumors, benign and malignant | Tumor | Mouse/ CF-1; Mouse/ BALB/C; Rat/ MRC Porton; Rat/ Wistar | Oral | Diet | Turusov et al., 1973; Terracini et al., 1973; Thorpe and Walker, 1973; Tomatis and Turusov, 1975; Cabral et al., 1982; Rossi et al., 1977 | 3.4 x 10 -1 per mg/kg-day | No | 9.7 x 10 -6 per µg/L | No | Linearized multistage procedure, extra risk | None | 1 x 10 1 µg/L | 1 µg/L | 1 x 10 -1 µg/L |
| 63 | 1,2-Dichloroethane | 107-06-2 | Oral | Other | Hemangiosarcomas | Tumor | Rat/ Osborne-Mendel, male | Oral | Gavage | NCI, 1978 | 9.1 x 10 -2 per mg/kg-day | No | 2.6 x 10 -6 per µg/L | No | Linearized multistage procedure with time-to-death analysis, extra risk | None | 4 x 10 1 µg/L | 4 µg/L | 4 x 10 -1 µg/L |
| 64 | 1,2-Dichloroethane | 107-06-2 | Inhalation | Other | Hemangiosarcomas | Tumor | Rat/ Osborne-Mendel, male | Oral | Gavage | NCI, 1978 | None | No | 2.6 x 10 -5 per µg/m3 | No | Linearized multistage procedure, extra risk | None | 4 µg/m3 | 4 x 10 -1 µg/m3 | 4 x 10 -2 µg/m3 |
| 65 | Dichloromethane | 75-09-2 | Oral | Hepatic | Hepatocellular carcinomas or adenomas | Tumor | Male B6C3F1 mice | Oral | drinking water | Serota et al., 1986b | 3.3 x 10 -3 per mg/kg-day | Yes | None | Yes | Multistage model with linear extrapolation from the point of departure (BMDL10), includes application of age-dependent adjustment factors (ADAFs). | EPA has concluded that dichloromethane is carcinogenic by a mutagenic mode of action. Thus, based on the EPA cancer guidelines (2005), the oral slope factor (OSF) addressing lifetime exposure includes application of ADAFs. The OSF is recommended for lifetime exposures. EPA has also provided an adult-based cancer slope factor of 2 x 10-3 per mg/kg-day. This adult-based cancer slope factor can be used instead of the OSF when assessing cancer risk associated with exposure scenarios that don’t include early life (< 16 years of age) or when other calculations by the user are necessary (e.g., when applying ADAFs to age-specific exposure estimates). | None | None | None |
| 66 | Dichloromethane | 75-09-2 | Inhalation | Hepatic, Respiratory | Hepatocellular carcinomas or adenomas, bronchoalveolar carcinomas or adenomas | Tumor | Male B6C3F1 mice | Inhalation | None | Mennear et al., 1988; NTP, 1986 | None | Yes | 1.7 x 10 -8 per µg/m3 | Yes | Multistage model with linear extrapolation from the point of departure (BMDL10), includes application of age-dependent adjustment factors (ADAFs). | EPA has concluded that dichloromethane is carcinogenic by a mutagenic mode of action. Thus, based on the EPA cancer guidelines (2005), the inhalation unit risk (IUR) addressing lifetime exposure includes application of ADAFs. The IUR is recommended for lifetime exposures. EPA has also provided an adult-based cancer unit risk of 1 x 10-8 per µg/m3. This adult-based cancer unit risk can be used instead of the IUR when assessing cancer risk associated with exposure scenarios that don’t include early life (< 16 years of age) or when other calculations by the user are necessary (e.g., when applying ADAFs to age-specific exposure estimates). | None | None | None |
| 67 | 1,3-Dichloropropene | 542-75-6 | Inhalation | Respiratory | Bronchioalveolar adenoma | Tumor | Male mouse | Inhalation | None | Lomax et al., 1989 | None | No | 4 x 10 -6 per µg/m3 | No | Linearized multistage model, extra risk | None | 2 x 10 1 µg/m3 | 2 µg/m3 | 2 x 10 -1 µg/m3 |
| 68 | 1,3-Dichloropropene | 542-75-6 | Oral | Urinary | Urinary bladder carcinoma | Tumor | female mouse | Oral | gavage | NTP, 1985 | 1 x 10 -1 per mg/kg-day | No | 3 x 10 -6 per µg/L | No | Linearized multistage model, extra risk | None | 4 x 10 1 µg/L | 4 µg/L | 4 x 10 -1 µg/L |
| 69 | 1,3-Dichloropropene | 542-75-6 | Oral | Hepatic | Hepatocellular adenoma/carcinoma | Tumor | male rat | Oral | gavage | NTP, 1985 | 5 x 10 -2 per mg/kg-day | No | 2 x 10 -6 per µg/L | No | Linearized multistage model, extra risk | None | 7 x 10 1 µg/L | 7 µg/L | 7 x 10 -1 µg/L |
| 70 | 1,3-Dichloropropene | 542-75-6 | Oral | Hepatic | Hepatocellular adenoma/carcinoma | Tumor | male rat | Oral | dietary | Stott et al., 1995 | 5 x 10 -2 per mg/kg-day | No | 1 x 10 -6 per µg/L | No | Linearized multistage model, extra risk | None | 8 x 10 1 µg/L | 8 µg/L | 8 x 10 -1 µg/L |
| 71 | Dichlorvos | 62-73-7 | Oral | Endocrine, Gastrointestinal, Hematologic | Forestomach tumors, pancreatic acinar adenoma, leukemia | Tumor | Mouse and rat | Oral | Gavage | NTP, 1986a,b | 2.9 x 10 -1 per mg/kg-day | No | 8.3 x 10 -6 per µg/L | No | Linearized multistage procedure, extra risk | None | 1 x 10 1 µg/L | 1 µg/L | 1 x 10 -1 µg/L |
| 72 | Dieldrin | 60-57-1 | Inhalation | Hepatic | Liver carcinoma | Tumor | Mouse | Oral | Diet | Davis (1965), reevaluated by Reuber, 1974 (cited in Epstein, 1975a); Walker et al., 1972; Thorpe and Walker, 1973; NCI, 1978a,b; Tennekes et al., 1981; Meierhenry et al., 1983 | None | No | 4.6 x 10 -3 per µg/m3 | No | Linearized multistage procedure, extra risk | None | 2 x 10 -2 µg/m3 | 2 x 10 -3 µg/m3 | 2 x 10 -4 µg/m3 |
| 73 | Dieldrin | 60-57-1 | Oral | Hepatic | Liver carcinoma | Tumor | Mouse | Oral | Diet | Davis (1965), reevaluated by Reuber, 1974 (cited in Epstein, 1975a); Walker et al., 1972; Thorpe and Walker, 1973; NCI, 1978a,b; Tennekes et al., 1981; Meierhenry et al., 1983 | 1.6 x 10 1 per mg/kg-day | No | 4.6 x 10 -4 per µg/L | No | Linearized multistage procedure, extra risk | None | 2 x 10 -1 µg/L | 2 x 10 -2 µg/L | 2 x 10 -3 µg/L |
| 74 | 2,4-/2,6-Dinitrotoluene mixture | Various | Oral | Hepatic, Reproductive | Liver: hepatocellular carcinomas, neoplastic nodules; mammary gland: adenomas, fibroadenomas, fibromas, adenocarcinomas/ carcinomas | Tumor | Rat/Sprague-Dawley, female | Oral | Diet | Ellis et al., 1979 | 6.8 x 10 -1 per mg/kg-day | No | 1.9 x 10 -5 per µg/L | No | Linearized multistage procedure | None | 5 µg/L | 5 x 10 -1 µg/L | 5 x 10 -2 µg/L |
| 75 | 1,4-Dioxane | 123-91-1 | Oral | Hepatic | Hepatocellular adenoma and carcinoma | Tumor | Female BDF1 mouse | Oral | Drinking water | Kano et al. 2009 | 1 x 10 -1 per mg/kg-day | No | 2.9 x 10 -6 per µg/L | No | Log-logistic model with linear extrapolation from the POD (BMDL50HED) associated with 50% extra cancer risk. | None | 3.5 x 10 1 µg/L | 3.5 µg/L | 3.5 x 10 -1 µg/L |
| 76 | 1,4-Dioxane | 123-91-1 | Inhalation | Gastrointestinal, Hepatic, Other, Reproductive, Respiratory, Urinary | Multiple (nasal, liver, kidney, peritoneal, mammary gland, and Zymbal gland) | Precursor | Male F344 rats | Inhalation | None | Kasai et al. 2009 | None | None | 5 x 10 -6 per µg/m3 | None | Multi-tumor dose-response model with linear extrapolation from the POD (BMDL10HED) associated with 10% extra cancer risk. | None | None | None | None |
| 77 | 1,2-Diphenylhydrazine | 122-66-7 | Inhalation | Hepatic | Hepatocellular carcinomas and neoplastic liver nodules | Tumor | Rat/Fisher 344, male | Oral | Diet | NCI, 1979 | None | No | 2.2 x 10 -4 per µg/m3 | No | Linearized multistage procedure, extra risk | None | 5 x 10 -1 µg/m3 | 5 x 10 -2 µg/m3 | 5 x 10 -3 µg/m3 |
| 78 | 1,2-Diphenylhydrazine | 122-66-7 | Oral | Hepatic | Hepatocellular carcinomas and neoplastic liver nodules | Tumor | Rat/Fisher 344, male | Oral | Diet | NCI, 1979 | 8 x 10 -1 per mg/kg-day | No | 2.2 x 10 -5 per µg/L | No | Linearized multistage procedure, extra risk | None | 5 µg/L | 5 x 10 -1 µg/L | 5 x 10 -2 µg/L |
| 79 | Epichlorohydrin | 106-89-8 | Oral | Gastrointestinal | Papillomas and carcinomas of the forestomach | Tumor | Rat/Wistar, male | Oral | Drinking water | Konishi et al., 1980 | 9.9 x 10 -3 per mg/kg-day | No | 2.8 x 10 -7 per µg/L | No | Linearized multistage procedure, extra risk | None | 3 x 10 2 µg/L | 3 x 10 1 µg/L | 3 µg/L |
| 80 | Epichlorohydrin | 106-89-8 | Inhalation | Respiratory | Nasal cavity tumors | Tumor | Rat/Sprague-Dawley, male | Inhalation | None | Laskin et al., 1980 | None | No | 1.2 x 10 -6 per µg/m3 | No | Linearized multistage procedure, extra risk | None | 8 x 10 1 µg/m3 | 8 µg/m3 | 8 x 10 -1 µg/m3 |
| 81 | Ethyl Tertiary Butyl Ether (ETBE) | 637-92-3 | Inhalation | Hepatic | Hepatocellular adenomas and carcinomas | None | Male and female F344 rats | Inhalation | 2-year inhalation bioassay | Saito et al. 2013; JPEC, 2010b | None | None | 8 x 10 -5 per mg/m3 | None | Linear extrapolation from the POD ((BMCL10(HED)) associated with 10% extra cancer risk. | None | None | None | None |
| 82 | Ethylene oxide | 75-21-8 | Inhalation | Immune, Reproductive | Lymphoid cancer, (female) breast cancer | Tumor | Human occupational epidemiology study: NIOSH study of sterilizer workers | Inhalation | None | Steenland et al., 2003, 2004 | None | Yes | 5 x 10 -3 per µg/m3 | Yes | Linear extrapolation. Two-piece linear spline model with knot at 1,600 ppm × days for lymphoid cancer. Two-piece linear spline model with knot at 5,750 ppm × days for breast cancer incidence in females. POD of 1% extra risk was used for both cancer types, includes application of age-dependent adjustment factors (ADAFs). | EPA has concluded that ethylene oxide is carcinogenic by a mutagenic mode of action. Thus, based on the EPA cancer guidelines (2005), the inhalation unit risk (IUR) addressing lifetime exposure includes application of ADAFs. The IUR is recommended for lifetime exposures. EPA has also provided an adult-based cancer unit risk of 3 x 10-3 per µg/m3. This adult-based cancer unit risk can be used instead of the IUR when assessing cancer risk associated with exposure scenarios that don’t include early life (< 16 years of age) or when other calculations by the user are necessary (e.g., when applying ADAFs to age-specific exposure estimates). | None | None | None |
| 83 | Folpet | 133-07-3 | Oral | Gastrointestinal | Digestive tract tumors (adenoma and/ or adenocarcinoma) | Tumor | Mouse/CD1, males and females | Oral | Diet | Chevron, 1982 | 3.5 x 10 -3 per mg/kg-day | No | 1 x 10 -7 per µg/L | No | Linearized multistage procedure, extra risk | None | 1 x 10 3 µg/L | 1 x 10 2 µg/L | 1 x 10 1 µg/L |
| 84 | Fomesafen | 72178-02-0 | Oral | Hepatic | Liver adenomas and carcinomas | Tumor | Mice/ CD-1; males | Oral | Diet | Huntingdon, 1985 | 1.9 x 10 -1 per mg/kg-day | No | 5.4 x 10 -6 per µg/L | No | Linearized multistage procedure, extra risk | None | 2 x 10 1 µg/L | 2 µg/L | 2 x 10 -1 µg/L |
| 85 | Formaldehyde | 50-00-0 | Inhalation | Hematologic, Respiratory | Nasopharyngeal cancer, sinonasal cancer, myeloid leukemia | Tumor | None | Inhalation | None | None | None | No | 1.1 x 10 -5 per µg/m3 | No | Based on nasopharyngeal cancer (NPC) incidence (Beane Freeman, 2013), linear low-dose extrapolation from the 95% lower bound on the exposure level associated with the extra risk level serving as the benchmark response and application of age-dependent adjustment factors (ADAFs) due to an operant mutagenic mode-of-action (MOA) for nasal cancers (see Section 3.2.5 of the Toxicological Review). Confidence in the IUR is Medium (see Section 5.2 of the Toxicological Review). | The IUR is based on NPC alone, although it was concluded that the evidence demonstrates that formaldehyde inhalation also causes myeloid leukemia and sinonasal cancer (see Section 5.2 of the Toxicological Review for details). Thus, the IUR may underestimate the actual total cancer risk. Less-than-lifetime exposure scenarios with a very large fraction of exposure during adulthood may not warrant ADAF adjustment, and one may choose to use the unadjusted unit risk estimate of 7.4 × 10-6 per µg/m3 or the adult-based estimate of 6.4 × 10-6 per µg/m3 (see Section 5.2.4 of the Toxicological Review). | 8 µg/m3 | 8 x 10 -1 µg/m3 | 8 x 10 -2 µg/m3 |
| 86 | Furmecyclox | 60568-05-0 | Oral | Hepatic | Combined liver nodules and carcinomas | Tumor | Rat/Sprague-Dawley OF-A, female | Oral | Diet | BASF Wyandotte, 1984a | 3 x 10 -2 per mg/kg-day | No | 8.6 x 10 -7 per µg/L | No | Linearized multistage procedure, extra risk | None | 1 x 10 2 µg/L | 1 x 10 1 µg/L | 1 µg/L |
| 87 | Heptachlor | 76-44-8 | Inhalation | Hepatic | Hepatocellular carcinomas | Tumor | Mouse/C3H; mouse/B6C3F1 | Oral | Diet | Davis, 1965; NCI, 1977 | None | No | 1.3 x 10 -3 per µg/m3 | No | Linearized multistage procedure, extra risk | None | 8 x 10 -2 µg/m3 | 8 x 10 -3 µg/m3 | 8 x 10 -4 µg/m3 |
| 88 | Heptachlor | 76-44-8 | Oral | Hepatic | Hepatocellular carcinomas | Tumor | Mouse/C3H; mouse/B6C3F1 | Oral | Diet | Davis, 1965; NCI, 1977 | 4.5 per mg/kg-day | No | 1.3 x 10 -4 per µg/L | No | Linearized multistage procedure, extra risk | None | 8 x 10 -1 µg/L | 8 x 10 -2 µg/L | 8 x 10 -3 µg/L |
| 89 | Heptachlor epoxide | 1024-57-3 | Inhalation | Hepatic | Hepatocellular carcinomas | Tumor | Mouse/C3H (Davis); mouse/CD1 (Velsicol) | Oral | Diet | Davis, 1965; Velsicol, 1973 | None | No | 2.6 x 10 -3 per µg/m3 | No | Linearized multistage procedure, extra risk | None | 4 x 10 -2 µg/m3 | 4 x 10 -3 µg/m3 | 4 x 10 -4 µg/m3 |
| 90 | Heptachlor epoxide | 1024-57-3 | Oral | Hepatic | Hepatocellular carcinomas | Tumor | Mouse/C3H (Davis); mouse/CD1 (Velsicol) | Oral | Diet | Davis, 1965; Velsicol, 1973 | 9.1 per mg/kg-day | No | 2.6 x 10 -4 per µg/L | No | Linearized multistage procedure, extra risk | None | 4 x 10 -1 µg/L | 4 x 10 -2 µg/L | 4 x 10 -3 µg/L |
| 91 | Hexachlorobenzene | 118-74-1 | Oral | Hepatic | Hepatocellular carcinoma | Tumor | Rat/Sprague-Dawley, female | Oral | Diet | Erturk et al., 1986 | 1.6 per mg/kg-day | No | 4.6 x 10 -5 per µg/L | No | Linearized multistage, extra risk | None | 2 µg/L | 2 x 10 -1 µg/L | 2 x 10 -2 µg/L |
| 92 | Hexachlorobenzene | 118-74-1 | Inhalation | Hepatic | Hepatocellular carcinoma | Tumor | Rat/Sprague-Dawley, female | Oral | Diet | Erturk et al., 1986 | None | No | 4.6 x 10 -4 per µg/m3 | No | Linearized multistage, extra risk | None | 2 x 10 -1 µg/m3 | 2 x 10 -2 µg/m3 | 2 x 10 -3 µg/m3 |
| 93 | Hexachlorobutadiene | 87-68-3 | Inhalation | Urinary | Renal tubular adenomas and adenocarcinomas | Tumor | Rat, Sprague-Dawley, male | Oral | Diet | Kociba et al., 1977 | None | No | 2.2 x 10 -5 per µg/m3 | No | Linearized multistage procedure, extra risk | None | 5 µg/m3 | 5 x 10 -1 µg/m3 | 5 x 10 -2 µg/m3 |
| 94 | Hexachlorobutadiene | 87-68-3 | Oral | Urinary | Renal tubular adenomas and adenocarcinomas | Tumor | Rat, Sprague-Dawley, male | Oral | Diet | Kociba et al., 1977 | 7.8 x 10 -2 per mg/kg-day | No | 2.2 x 10 -6 per µg/L | No | Linearized multistage procedure, extra risk | None | 5 x 10 1 µg/L | 5 µg/L | 5 x 10 -1 µg/L |
| 95 | alpha-Hexachlorocyclohexane (alpha-HCH) | 319-84-6 | Inhalation | Hepatic | Hepatic nodules and hepatocellular carcinomas | Tumor | Mouse/dd, male | Oral | Diet | Ito et al., 1973a | None | No | 1.8 x 10 -3 per µg/m3 | No | Linearized multistage procedure, extra risk | None | 6 x 10 -2 µg/m3 | 6 x 10 -3 µg/m3 | 6 x 10 -4 µg/m3 |
| 96 | alpha-Hexachlorocyclohexane (alpha-HCH) | 319-84-6 | Oral | Hepatic | Hepatic nodules and hepatocellular carcinomas | Tumor | Mouse/dd, male | Oral | Diet | Ito et al., 1973a | 6.3 per mg/kg-day | No | 1.8 x 10 -4 per µg/L | No | Linearized multistage procedure, extra risk | None | 6 x 10 -1 µg/L | 6 x 10 -2 µg/L | 6 x 10 -3 µg/L |
| 97 | beta-Hexachlorocyclohexane (beta-HCH) | 319-85-7 | Inhalation | Hepatic | Hepatic nodules and hepatocellular carcinomas | Tumor | Mouse/CF1, male | Oral | Diet | Thorpe and Walker, 1973 | None | No | 5.3 x 10 -4 per µg/m3 | No | Linearized multistage procedure, extra risk | None | 2 x 10 -1 µg/m3 | 2 x 10 -2 µg/m3 | 2 x 10 -3 µg/m3 |
| 98 | beta-Hexachlorocyclohexane (beta-HCH) | 319-85-7 | Oral | Hepatic | Hepatic nodules and hepatocellular carcinomas | Tumor | Mouse/CF1, male | Oral | Diet | Thorpe and Walker, 1973 | 1.8 per mg/kg-day | No | 5.3 x 10 -5 per µg/L | No | Linearized multistage procedure, extra risk | None | 2 µg/L | 2 x 10 -1 µg/L | 2 x 10 -2 µg/L |
| 99 | technical Hexachlorocyclohexane (t-HCH) | 608-73-1 | Inhalation | Hepatic | Liver nodules and hepatocellular carcinomas | Tumor | Mouse/Swiss, male | Oral | Diet | Munir et al., 1983 | None | No | 5.1 x 10 -4 per µg/m3 | No | Linearized multistage procedure | None | 2 x 10 -1 µg/m3 | 2 x 10 -2 µg/m3 | 2 x 10 -3 µg/m3 |
| 100 | technical Hexachlorocyclohexane (t-HCH) | 608-73-1 | Oral | Hepatic | Liver nodules and hepatocellular carcinomas | Tumor | Mouse/Swiss, male | Oral | Diet | Munir et al., 1983 | 1.8 per mg/kg-day | No | 5.1 x 10 -5 per µg/L | No | Linearized multistage procedure, extra risk | None | 2 µg/L | 2 x 10 -1 µg/L | 2 x 10 -2 µg/L |
| 101 | Hexachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (HxCDD), mixture of 1,2,3,6,7,8-HxCDD and 1,2,3,7,8,9-HxCDD | 57653-85-7 | Inhalation | Hepatic | Liver tumors (adenomas and carcinomas; neoplastic nodules and hepatocellular carcinomas) | Tumor | Mouse/B6C3F1, male; rat/ Osborne-Mendel, female | Oral | Gavage | NTP, 1980a | None | No | 1.3 per µg/m3 | No | Linearized multistage procedure, extra risk | None | 8 x 10 -5 µg/m3 | 8 x 10 -6 µg/m3 | 8 x 10 -7 µg/m3 |
| 102 | Hexachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (HxCDD), mixture of 1,2,3,6,7,8-HxCDD and 1,2,3,7,8,9-HxCDD | 57653-85-7 | Oral | Hepatic | Liver tumors (adenomas and carcinomas; neoplastic nodules and hepatocellular carcinomas) | Tumor | Mouse/B6C3F1, male; rat/ Osborne-Mendel, female | Oral | Gavage | NTP, 1980a | 6.2 x 10 3 per mg/kg-day | No | 1.8 x 10 -1 per µg/L | No | Linearized multistage procedure, extra risk | None | 6 x 10 -4 µg/L | 6 x 10 -5 µg/L | 6 x 10 -6 µg/L |
| 103 | Hexachloroethane | 67-72-1 | Oral | Urinary | Renal adenomas and carcinomas (combined) | Tumor | Male F344 rats | Oral | None | NTP (1989) | 4 x 10 -2 per mg/kg-day | No | 1 x 10 -6 per µg/L | No | The multistage model with linear extrapolation from the point of departure (LED10). | None | 9 x 10 1 µg/L | 9 µg/L | 9 x 10 -1 µg/L |
| 104 | Hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX) | 121-82-4 | Oral | Hepatic, Respiratory | Liver (hepatocellular adenomas or carcinomas) and lung (alveolar/bronchiolar adenomas or carcinomas) | Tumor | Mouse/B6C3F1, female | Oral | Diet | Lish et al., 1984 | 8 x 10 -2 per mg/kg-day | No | None | No | Linear extrapolation from the POD (BMDL10-HED) associated with a 10% extra cancer risk | None | None | None | None |
| 105 | Hydrazine/Hydrazine sulfate | 302-01-2 | Inhalation | Respiratory | Nasal cavity adenoma or adenocarcinoma | Tumor | Rat/F344, male | Inhalation | None | MacEwen et al., 1981 | None | No | 4.9 x 10 -3 per µg/m3 | No | Linearized multistage procedure, extra risk | None | 2 x 10 -2 µg/m3 | 2 x 10 -3 µg/m3 | 2 x 10 -4 µg/m3 |
| 106 | Hydrazine/Hydrazine sulfate | 302-01-2 | Oral | Hepatic | Hepatoma | Tumor | Mouse, CBA/Cb/Se; male | Oral | Gavage (hydrazine sulfate in water) | Biancifiori, 1970 | 3 per mg/kg-day | No | 8.5 x 10 -5 per µg/L | No | Linearized multistage procedure, extra risk | None | 1 µg/L | 1 x 10 -1 µg/L | 1 x 10 -2 µg/L |
| 107 | Isophorone | 78-59-1 | Oral | Reproductive | Preputial gland carcinoma | Tumor | Rat/ F344/N, male | Oral | Gavage | NTP, 1986 | 9.5 x 10 -4 per mg/kg-day | No | 2.7 x 10 -8 per µg/L | No | Linearized multistage procedure, extra risk | None | 4 x 10 3 µg/L | 4 x 10 2 µg/L | 4 x 10 1 µg/L |
| 108 | Libby Amphibole Asbestos | 1318-09-8 | Inhalation | Respiratory | Cancer mortality from lung cancer and mesothelioma | Tumor | Humans | Inhalation | None | Sullivan, 2007 | None | None | 1.7 x 10 -1 per fiber/cc | None | Linear low dose extrapolation below the POD. | None | 5.9 x 10 -4 fiber/cc | 5.9 x 10 -5 fiber/cc | 5.9 x 10 -6 fiber/cc |
| 109 | 4,4'-Methylene bis(N,N'-dimethyl)aniline | 101-61-1 | Oral | Endocrine | Thyroid, follicular cell carcinoma/ adenoma | Tumor | Rat/ F344, female | Oral | Diet | NCI, 1979a | 4.6 x 10 -2 per mg/kg-day | No | 1.3 x 10 -6 per µg/L | No | Linearized multistage procedure, extra risk | None | 8 x 10 1 µg/L | 8 µg/L | 8 x 10 -1 µg/L |
| 110 | Nickel refinery dust | None | Inhalation | Respiratory | Lung cancer | Tumor | Human: refinery and nonrefinery workers | Inhalation | None | Enterline and Marsh, 1982; Chovil et al., 1981; Peto et al., 1984; Magnus et al., 1982 | None | No | 2.4 x 10 -4 per µg/m3 | No | Additive and multiplicative | None | 4 x 10 -1 µg/m3 | 4 x 10 -2 µg/m3 | 4 x 10 -3 µg/m3 |
| 111 | Nickel subsulfide | 12035-72-2 | Inhalation | Respiratory | Lung cancer | Tumor | Human: refinery and nonrefinery workers | Inhalation | None | Enterline and Marsh, 1982; Chovil et al., 1981; Peto et al., 1984; Magnus et al., 1982 | None | No | 4.8 x 10 -4 per µg/m3 | No | Additive and multiplicative | None | 2 x 10 -1 µg/m3 | 2 x 10 -2 µg/m3 | 2 x 10 -3 µg/m3 |
| 112 | Nitrobenzene | 98-95-3 | Inhalation | Endocrine, Hepatic, Urinary | Liver hepatocellular adenomas or carcinomas, kidney tubular adenomas or carcinomas, thyroid follicular cell adenomas or carcinomas | Tumor | Rat/F344 (male) | Inhalation | None | CIIT (1993) | None | No | 4 x 10 -5 per µg/m3 | No | Multistage model with linear extrapolation from the POD (LEC10). | None | 2.5 µg/m3 | 2.5 x 10 -1 µg/m3 | 2.5 x 10 -2 µg/m3 |
| 113 | N-Nitroso-N-methylethylamine | 10595-95-6 | Oral | Hepatic | Hepatocellular carcinomas | Tumor | Rat/ BD, sex not specified | Oral | Drinking water | Druckrey, 1967; Druckrey et al., 1967 | 2.2 x 10 1 per mg/kg-day | No | 6.3 x 10 -4 per µg/L | No | One-hit | None | 2 x 10 -1 µg/L | 2 x 10 -2 µg/L | 2 x 10 -3 µg/L |
| 114 | N-Nitroso-di-n-butylamine | 924-16-3 | Inhalation | Gastrointestinal, Urinary | Bladder and esophagus tumors | Tumor | Mouse/ C57B16, males | Oral | Drinking water | Bertram and Craig, 1970 | None | No | 1.6 x 10 -3 per µg/m3 | No | Linearized multistage procedure, extra risk | None | 6 x 10 -2 µg/m3 | 6 x 10 -3 µg/m3 | 6 x 10 -4 µg/m3 |
| 115 | N-Nitroso-di-n-butylamine | 924-16-3 | Oral | Gastrointestinal, Urinary | Bladder and esophagus tumors | Tumor | Mouse/ C57B16, males | Oral | Drinking water | Bertram and Craig, 1970 | 5.4 per mg/kg-day | No | 1.6 x 10 -4 per µg/L | No | Linearized multistage procedure, extra risk | None | 6 x 10 -1 µg/L | 6 x 10 -2 µg/L | 6 x 10 -3 µg/L |
| 116 | N-Nitrosodi-N-propylamine | 621-64-7 | Oral | Hepatic | Hepatocellular carcinomas | Tumor | Rat/ BD, sex not specified | Oral | Drinking water | Druckrey, 1967; Druckrey et al., 1967 | 7 per mg/kg-day | No | 2 x 10 -4 per µg/L | No | One-hit | None | 5 x 10 -1 µg/L | 5 x 10 -2 µg/L | 5 x 10 -3 µg/L |
| 117 | N-Nitrosodiethanolamine | 1116-54-7 | Oral | Hepatic | Hepatocellular carcinoma, cholangiocellular carcinoma and adenoma and neoplastic nodules | Tumor | Rat/ F344, female | Oral | Drinking water | Lijinsky and Kovatch, 1985 | 2.8 per mg/kg-day | No | 8 x 10 -5 per µg/L | No | Linearized multistage procedure, extra risk | None | 1 µg/L | 1 x 10 -1 µg/L | 1 x 10 -2 µg/L |
| 118 | N-Nitrosodiethylamine | 55-18-5 | Inhalation | Hepatic | Liver tumors | Tumor | Rat/Colworth, female | Oral | Drinking water | Peto et al., 1984 | None | No | 4.3 x 10 -2 per µg/m3 | No | Weibull, extra risk | None | 2 x 10 -3 µg/m3 | 2 x 10 -4 µg/m3 | 2 x 10 -5 µg/m3 |
| 119 | N-Nitrosodiethylamine | 55-18-5 | Oral | Hepatic | Liver tumors | Tumor | Rat/Colworth, female | Oral | Drinking water | Peto et al., 1984 | 1.5 x 10 2 per mg/kg-day | No | 4.3 x 10 -3 per µg/L | No | Weibull, extra risk | None | 2 x 10 -2 µg/L | 2 x 10 -3 µg/L | 2 x 10 -4 µg/L |
| 120 | N-Nitrosodimethylamine | 62-75-9 | Oral | Hepatic | Liver tumors | Tumor | Rat/ Colworth, female | Oral | Drinking water | Peto et al., 1984 | 5.1 x 10 1 per mg/kg-day | No | 1.4 x 10 -3 per µg/L | No | Weibull, extra risk | None | 7 x 10 -2 µg/L | 7 x 10 -3 µg/L | 7 x 10 -4 µg/L |
| 121 | N-Nitrosodimethylamine | 62-75-9 | Inhalation | Hepatic | Liver tumors | Tumor | Rat/ Colworth, female | Oral | Drinking water | Peto et al., 1984 | None | No | 1.4 x 10 -2 per µg/m3 | No | Weibull, extra risk | None | 7 x 10 -3 µg/m3 | 7 x 10 -4 µg/m3 | 7 x 10 -5 µg/m3 |
| 122 | N-Nitrosodiphenylamine | 86-30-6 | Oral | Urinary | Transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder | Tumor | Rat/ F344, female | Oral | Drinking water | NCI, 1979 | 4.9 x 10 -3 per mg/kg-day | No | 1.4 x 10 -7 per µg/L | No | Linearized multistage procedure, extra risk | None | 7 x 10 2 µg/L | 7 x 10 1 µg/L | 7 µg/L |
| 123 | N-Nitrosopyrrolidine | 930-55-2 | Oral | Hepatic | Hepatocellular carcinoma and adenoma | Tumor | Rat/ Sprague-Dawley, male and female | Oral | Diet | Preussmann et al., 1977 | 2.1 per mg/kg-day | No | 6.1 x 10 -5 per µg/L | No | Linearized multistage procedure, extra risk | None | 2 µg/L | 2 x 10 -1 µg/L | 2 x 10 -2 µg/L |
| 124 | N-Nitrosopyrrolidine | 930-55-2 | Inhalation | Hepatic | Hepatocellular carcinoma and adenoma | Tumor | Rat/ Sprague-Dawley, male and female | Oral | Diet | Preussmann et al., 1977 | None | No | 6.1 x 10 -4 per µg/m3 | No | Linearized multistage procedure, extra risk | None | 2 x 10 -1 µg/m3 | 2 x 10 -2 µg/m3 | 2 x 10 -3 µg/m3 |
| 125 | Pentachlorophenol | 87-86-5 | Oral | Endocrine, Hepatic | Hepatocellular adenomas or carcinomas and adrenal benign or malignant pheochromocytomas | Tumor | Male B6C3F1 mice | Oral | Diet | NTP, 1989 | 4 x 10 -1 per mg/kg-day | No | 1.1 x 10 -5 per µg/L | No | Multistage model with linear extrapolation from the POD (LED10). | None | 9 µg/L | 9 x 10 -1 µg/L | 9 x 10 -2 µg/L |
| 126 | Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) | 1336-36-3 | Inhalation | Hepatic | Liver hepatocellular adenomas, carcinomas, cholangiomas, or cholangiocarcinomas | Tumor | Female Sprague-Dawley rats | Oral | Diet | Brunner et al., 1996; Norback and Weltman, 1985 | None | No | 1 x 10 -4 per µg/m3 | No | Linear extrapolation below LED10; route-to-route extrapolation from the oral slope factor | For inhalation of an aerosol or dust contaminated with PCBs, see the IRIS Summary for information on the appropriate inhalation unit risk. | 1 µg/m3 | 1 x 10 -1 µg/m3 | 1 x 10 -2 µg/m3 |
| 127 | Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) | 1336-36-3 | Oral | Hepatic | Liver hepatocellular adenomas, carcinomas, cholangiomas, or cholangiocarcinomas | Tumor | Female Sprague-Dawley rats | Oral | Diet | Brunner et al., 1996 Norback and Weltman, 1985 | 2 per mg/kg-day | None | None | None | Linear extrapolation below LED10s | Cancer potency of PCB mixtures is determined by a tiered approach that depends on exposure matrix and route, type of congener present, and lifestage. See IRIS Summary for specific factors used to select appropriate slope factor. High risk and persistence: 2 per mg/kg-day; Low risk and persistence: 0.4 per mg/kg-day; Lowest risk and persistence: 0.07 per mg/kg-day. | None | None | None |
| 128 | Prochloraz | 67747-09-5 | Oral | Hepatic | Liver adenoma/ carcinoma combined | Tumor | Mouse/ CD-1, male and female | Oral | Diet | Nor-Am Chemical Co., 1983 | 1.5 x 10 -1 per mg/kg-day | No | 4.3 x 10 -6 per µg/L | No | Male mice: time-to-tumor linearized multistage procedure in dose, Weibull in time. Female mice: linearized multistage procedure | None | 2 x 10 1 µg/L | 2 µg/L | 2 x 10 -1 µg/L |
| 129 | Propylene oxide | 75-56-9 | Inhalation | Respiratory | Nasal cavity hemangioma or hemangiosarcoma | Tumor | Mouse/ B6C3F1, male | Inhalation | None | NTP, 1985 Renne et al., 1986 | None | No | 3.7 x 10 -6 per µg/m3 | No | Linearized multistage procedure, extra risk | None | 3 x 10 1 µg/m3 | 3 µg/m3 | 3 x 10 -1 µg/m3 |
| 130 | Propylene oxide | 75-56-9 | Oral | Gastrointestinal | Forestomach, squamous cell carcinoma | Tumor | Rat/ Sprague-Dawley, female | Oral | Gavage, salad oil | Dunkelberg, 1982 | 2.4 x 10 -1 per mg/kg-day | No | 6.8 x 10 -6 per µg/L | No | Linearized multistage procedure, extra risk | None | 1 x 10 1 µg/L | 1 µg/L | 1 x 10 -1 µg/L |
| 131 | Quinoline | 91-22-5 | Oral | Hepatic | Hepatic hemangioendotheliomas or hemangiosarcomas | Tumor | Male Sprague-Dawley rats | Oral | Dietary | Hirao et al., 1976 | 3 per mg/kg-day | No | 9 x 10 -5 per µg/L | No | Time-to-tumor, multistage-Weibull | None | 1 µg/L | 1 x 10 -1 µg/L | 1 x 10 -2 µg/L |
| 132 | 1,1,1,2-Tetrachloroethane | 630-20-6 | Inhalation | Hepatic | Hepatocellular adenoma or carcinoma | Tumor | Mouse/B6C3F1, female | Oral | Gavage | NTP, 1983 | None | No | 7.4 x 10 -6 per µg/m3 | No | Linearized multistage procedure, extra risk | None | 1 x 10 1 µg/m3 | 1 µg/m3 | 1 x 10 -1 µg/m3 |
| 133 | 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane | 79-34-5 | Oral | Hepatic | hepatocellular carcinomas | Tumor | female B6C3F1 mice | Oral | gavage | NCI, 1978 | 2 x 10 -1 per mg/kg-day | No | 6 x 10 -6 per µg/L | No | Multistage model with linear extrapolation from the point of departure (LED10). | None | 1.7 x 10 1 µg/L | 1.7 µg/L | 1.7 x 10 -1 µg/L |
| 134 | 1,1,1,2-Tetrachloroethane | 630-20-6 | Oral | Hepatic | Hepatocellular adenoma or carcinoma | Tumor | Mouse/B6C3F1, female | Oral | Gavage | NTP, 1983 | 2.6 x 10 -2 per mg/kg-day | No | 7.4 x 10 -7 per µg/L | No | Linearized multistage procedure, extra risk | None | 1 x 10 2 µg/L | 1 x 10 1 µg/L | 1 µg/L |
| 135 | Tetrachloroethylene (Perchloroethylene) | 127-18-4 | Oral | Hepatic | Hepatocellular adenomas or carcinomas | Tumor | Male Crj:BDF1 mice | Inhalation | None | JISA, 1993 | 2.1 x 10 -3 per mg/kg-day | No | 6.1 x 10 -8 per µg/L | No | Multistage model (with linear extrapolation from the point of departure (BMDL10), followed by route-to-route extrapolation to the oral route and interspecies extrapolation using the PBPK model of Chiu and Ginsberg (2011). | None | 2 x 10 3 µg/L | 2 x 10 2 µg/L | 2 x 10 1 µg/L |
| 136 | Tetrachloroethylene (Perchloroethylene) | 127-18-4 | Inhalation | Hepatic | Hepatocellular adenomas or carcinomas | Tumor | Male Crj:BDF1 mice | Inhalation | None | JISA, 1993 | 0 | None | 2.6 x 10 -7 per µg/m3 | None | Multistage model with linear extrapolation from the point of departure (BMCL10), followed by extrapolation to humans using the PBPK model of Chiu and Ginsberg (2011). | None | 4 x 10 2 µg/m3 | 4 x 10 1 µg/m3 | 4 µg/m3 |
| 137 | Toxaphene | 8001-35-2 | Oral | Hepatic | Hepatocellular carcinomas and neoplastic nodules | Tumor | Mouse/B6C3F1, males | Oral | Diet | Litton Bionetics, 1978 | 1.1 per mg/kg-day | No | 3.2 x 10 -5 per µg/L | No | Linearized multistage procedure, extra risk | None | 3 µg/L | 3 x 10 -1 µg/L | 3 x 10 -2 µg/L |
| 138 | Toxaphene | 8001-35-2 | Inhalation | Hepatic | Hepatocellular carcinomas and neoplastic nodules | Tumor | Mouse/B6C3F1, males | Oral | Diet | Litton Bionetics, 1978 | None | No | 3.2 x 10 -4 per µg/m3 | No | Linearized multistage procedure, extra risk | None | 3 x 10 -1 µg/m3 | 3 x 10 -2 µg/m3 | 3 x 10 -3 µg/m3 |
| 139 | Trichloroacetic acid | 76-03-9 | Oral | Hepatic | Hepatocellular adenomas or carcinomas | Tumor | Male B6C3F1 mice | Oral | drinking water | DeAngelo et al. (2008) | 7 x 10 -2 per mg/kg-day | No | 2 x 10 -6 per µg/L | No | Multistage model with linear extrapolation from the POD (LED10). | None | 5 x 10 1 µg/L | 5 µg/L | 5 x 10 -1 µg/L |
| 140 | 1,1,2-Trichloroethane | 79-00-5 | Inhalation | Hepatic | Hepatocellular carcinoma | Tumor | Mouse/ B6C3F1 | Oral | Gavage | NCI, 1978 | None | No | 1.6 x 10 -5 per µg/m3 | No | Linearized multistage procedure, extra risk | None | 6 µg/m3 | 6 x 10 -1 µg/m3 | 6 x 10 -2 µg/m3 |
| 141 | 1,1,2-Trichloroethane | 79-00-5 | Oral | Hepatic | Hepatocellular carcinoma | Tumor | Mouse/ B6C3F1 | Oral | Gavage | NCI, 1978 | 5.7 x 10 -2 per mg/kg-day | No | 1.6 x 10 -6 per µg/L | No | Linearized multistage procedure, extra risk | None | 6 x 10 1 µg/L | 6 µg/L | 6 x 10 -1 µg/L |
| 142 | Trichloroethylene | 79-01-6 | Oral | Hematologic, Hepatic, Urinary | Renal cell carcinoma, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, and liver tumors | Tumor | Human (epidemiological studies) | Inhalation | (route-to-route extrapolation to Oral) | Charbotel et al., 2006; EPA, 2011; Raaschou-Nielsen et al., 2003 | 5.2 x 10 -2 per mg/kg-day | Yes | None | Yes | PBPK model-based route-to-route extrapolation of the inhalation unit risk estimate for kidney cancer with a factor of 5 applied to include non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) and liver cancer risks, combined risk, includes application of age-dependent adjustment factors (ADAFs). | EPA has concluded that trichloroethylene is carcinogenic by a mutagenic mode of action. Thus, based on the EPA cancer guidelines (2005), the oral slope factor (OSF) addressing lifetime exposure includes application of ADAFs. The OSF is recommended for lifetime exposures. EPA has also provided an adult-based cancer slope factor of 4.6 x 10-2 per mg/kg-day. This adult-based cancer slope factor can be used instead of the OSF when assessing cancer risk associated with exposure scenarios that don’t include early life (< 16 years of age) or when other calculations by the user are necessary (e.g., when applying ADAFs to age-specific exposure estimates). | None | None | None |
| 143 | Trichloroethylene | 79-01-6 | Inhalation | Hematologic, Hepatic, Urinary | Renal cell carcinoma, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, and liver tumors | Tumor | Human (epidemiological studies) | Inhalation | None | Charbotel et al. 2006; EPA, 2011; Raaschou-Nielsen et al., 2003 | None | Yes | 4.8 x 10 -6 per µg/m3 | Yes | Low-dose linear extrapolation from the point of departure (LEC01) with a factor of 4 applied to include non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) and liver cancer risks, combined risk, includes application of age-dependent adjustment factors (ADAFs). | EPA has concluded that trichloroethylene is carcinogenic by a mutagenic mode of action. Thus, based on the EPA cancer guidelines (2005), the inhalation unit risk (IUR) addressing lifetime exposure includes application of ADAFs. The IUR is recommended for lifetime exposures. EPA has also provided an adult-based cancer unit risk of 4.1 x 10-6 per µg/m3. This adult-based cancer unit risk can be used instead of the IUR when assessing cancer risk associated with exposure scenarios that don’t include early life (< 16 years of age) or when other calculations by the user are necessary (e.g., when applying ADAFs to age-specific exposure estimates). | None | None | None |
| 144 | 2,4,6-Trichlorophenol | 88-06-2 | Inhalation | Hematologic | Leukemia | Tumor | Rat/F344, male | Oral | Diet | NCI, 1979 | None | No | 3.1 x 10 -6 per µg/m3 | No | Linearized multistage procedure, extra risk | None | 3 x 10 1 µg/m3 | 3 µg/m3 | 3 x 10 -1 µg/m3 |
| 145 | 2,4,6-Trichlorophenol | 88-06-2 | Oral | Hematologic | Leukemia | Tumor | Rat/F344, male | Oral | Diet | NCI, 1979 | 1.1 x 10 -2 per mg/kg-day | No | 3.1 x 10 -7 per µg/L | No | Linearized multistage procedure, extra risk | None | 3 x 10 2 µg/L | 3 x 10 1 µg/L | 3 µg/L |
| 146 | 1,2,3-Trichloropropane | 96-18-4 | Oral | Gastrointestinal, Hepatic, Ocular, Reproductive | alimentary system squamous cell neoplasms, liver hepatocellular adenomas or carcinomas, Harderian gland adenomas, uterine/cervix adenomas or carcinomas | Tumor | B6C3F1 mice (female) | Oral | Oral gavage | NTP, 1993 | 5 x 10 -1 per mg/kg-day | No | None | No | Multistage-Weibull model with linear extrapolation from the point of departure (BMDL10), includes application of age-dependent adjustment factors (ADAFs). | EPA has concluded that 1,2,3-trichloropropan is carcinogenic by a mutagenic mode of action. Thus, based on the EPA cancer guidelines (2005), the oral slope factor (OSF) addressing lifetime exposure includes application of ADAFs. The OSF is recommended for lifetime exposures. EPA has also provided an adult-based cancer slope factor of 3 x 101 per mg/kg-day. This adult-based cancer slope factor can be used instead of the OSF when assessing cancer risk associated with exposure scenarios that don’t include early life (< 16 years of age) or when other calculations by the user are necessary (e.g., when applying ADAFs to age-specific exposure estimates). | None | None | None |
| 147 | Trifluralin | 1582-09-8 | Oral | Endocrine, Urinary | Combined renal pelvis carcinomas, urinary bladder papillomas and/or thyroid adenomas and carcinomas | Tumor | Rat/F344, male | Oral | Diet | Emmerson et al., 1980 | 7.7 x 10 -3 per mg/kg-day | No | 2.2 x 10 -7 per µg/L | No | Linearized multistage procedure, extra risk | None | 5 x 10 2 µg/L | 5 x 10 1 µg/L | 5 µg/L |
| 148 | 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene (TNT) | 118-96-7 | Oral | Urinary | Urinary bladder, transitional cell papilloma and transitional squamous cell carcinomas | Tumor | Rat/Fischer 344, female | Oral | Diet | U.S. DOD, 1984a | 3 x 10 -2 per mg/kg-day | No | 9 x 10 -7 per µg/L | No | Linearized multistage procedure, extra risk | None | 1 x 10 2 µg/L | 1 x 10 1 µg/L | 1 µg/L |
| 149 | Vinyl chloride | 75-01-4 | Inhalation | Hepatic | Liver angiosarcomas, angiomas, hepatomas, and neoplastic nodules | Tumor | Female Sprague-Dawley rats | Inhalation | None | Maltoni et al. (1981, 1984) | None | No | 4.4 x 10 -6 per µg/m3 | No | LMS method | None | 2.3 x 10 1 µg/m3 | 2.3 µg/m3 | 2.3 x 10 -1 µg/m3 |
| 150 | Vinyl chloride | 75-01-4 | Inhalation | Hepatic | Liver angiosarcomas, angiomas, hepatomas, and neoplastic nodules | Tumor | Female Sprague-Dawley rats | Inhalation | None | Maltoni et al. (1981, 1984) | None | No | 8.8 x 10 -6 per µg/m3 | No | LMS method | None | None | None | None |
| 151 | Vinyl chloride | 75-01-4 | Inhalation | Hepatic | Liver angiosarcomas, angiomas, hepatomas, and neoplastic nodules | Tumor | Female Sprague-Dawley rats | Inhalation | None | Maltoni et al. (1981, 1984) | None | No | 4.4 x 10 -6 per µg/m3 | No | LED 10/ linear method | None | None | None | None |
| 152 | Vinyl chloride | 75-01-4 | Oral | Hepatic | Total of liver angiosarcoma, hepatocellular carcinoma, and neoplastic nodules | Tumor | Female Wistar rats | Oral | Diet | Feron et al., 1981 | 1.5 per mg/kg-day | No | 4.2 x 10 -5 per µg/L | No | LED 10/ linear method | None | 2.4 µg/L | 2.4 x 10 -1 µg/L | 2.4 x 10 -2 µg/L |
| 153 | Vinyl chloride | 75-01-4 | Oral | Hepatic | Total of liver angiosarcoma, hepatocellular carcinoma, and neoplastic nodules | Tumor | Female Wistar rats | Oral | Diet | Feron et al., 1981 | 7.2 x 10 -1 per mg/kg-day | No | 2.1 x 10 -5 per µg/L | No | LMS method | None | 4.8 µg/L | 4.8 x 10 -1 µg/L | 4.8 x 10 -2 µg/L |
| 154 | Vinyl chloride | 75-01-4 | Oral | Hepatic | Total of liver angiosarcoma, hepatocellular carcinoma, and neoplastic nodules | Tumor | Female Wistar rats | Oral | Diet | Feron et al., 1981 | 7.5 x 10 -1 per mg/kg-day | No | 2.1 x 10 -5 per µg/L | No | LED 10/ linear method | None | 4.8 µg/L | 4.8 x 10 -1 µg/L | 4.8 x 10 -2 µg/L |
| 155 | Vinyl chloride | 75-01-4 | Oral | Hepatic | Total of liver angiosarcoma, hepatocellular carcinoma, and neoplastic nodules | Tumor | Female Wistar rats | Oral | Diet | Feron et al., 1981 | 1.4 per mg/kg-day | No | 4.2 x 10 -5 per µg/L | No | LMS method | None | 2.4 µg/L | 2.4 x 10 -1 µg/L | 2.4 x 10 -2 µg/L |
| 156 | Vinyl chloride | 75-01-4 | Inhalation | Hepatic | Liver angiosarcomas, angiomas, hepatomas, and neoplastic nodules | Tumor | Female Sprague-Dawley rats | Inhalation | None | Maltoni et al. (1981, 1984) | None | No | 8.8 x 10 -6 per µg/m3 | No | LED 10/ linear method | None | None | None | None |
| 157 | tert-Butyl Alcohol (tBA) | 75-65-0 | Oral | Endocrine, Urinary | Renal adenomas and carcinomas, thyroid adenomas | Tumor | Renal tumors in male rats F344 and tumors in male mice B63F1 | Oral | Drinking water | (NTP, 1995) | 5 x 10 -4 per mg/kg-day | No | None | No | None | None | None | None | None |
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