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Searches using filters for organ/system affected are limited to effects (or tumor sites) used to derive the RfD, RfC, oral slope factor, or inhalation unit risk. Other effects associated with chemicals in the IRIS database that were not used as the basis for a toxicity value are not searchable with organ/system filters. IRIS Advanced Search searches only final IRIS assessments; to look for information on draft assessments, see Quick Check: Assessments in Development. Additional information can be downloaded below by clicking on the “Export to Excel” feature.

RfD Toxicity Values

An interactive version of this table is available.
ROW CHEMICAL NAME CASRN PRINCIPAL CRITICAL EFFECT SYSTEM PRINCIPAL CRITICAL DESCRIPTION PRINCIPAL STUDY STUDY CITATION EXPERIMENTAL DOSE TYPE POD VALUE RFD VALUE UNCERTAINTY FACTOR MODIFYING FACTOR STUDY CONFIDENCE DATA CONFIDENCE OVERALL CONFIDENCE DOSE TYPE DURATION
1 Acenaphthene 83-32-9 Hepatic Hepatotoxicity Mouse oral subchronic study U.S. EPA, 1989 No Observable Adverse Effect Level 175.0 mg/kg-day 0.06 mg/kg-day 3000 1 Low Low Low Threshold Chronic
2 Acephate 30560-19-1 Nervous Inhibition of brain ChE 90-day rat feeding study (LEL for male subjects) Chevron Chemical Co., 1987a Lowest Effect Level 0.12 mg/kg-day 0.004 mg/kg-day 30 1 Medium High High Threshold Chronic
3 Acetochlor 34256-82-1 Hematologic, Hepatic, Nervous, Reproductive, Urinary Salivation, increased ALT and ornithine carbamyl transferase; significant increases in triglyceride and decreased blood glucose levels; histopathological changes in kidneys and testes of males 1-year dog feeding study ICI, Inc., 1988a No Observable Adverse Effect Level 2.0 mg/kg-day 0.02 mg/kg-day 100 1 High High High Threshold Chronic
4 Acetone 67-64-1 Urinary Nephropathy Subchronic drinking water study in rats Dietz, et., al, 1991 NTP, 1991 No Observable Adverse Effect Level 900.0 mg/kg-day 0.9 mg/kg-day 1000 1 Medium Medium Medium Threshold Chronic
5 Acetophenone 98-86-2 Other General Toxicity Rat oral subchronic study Hagen et al., 1967 No Observable Adverse Effect Level 423.0 mg/kg-day 0.1 mg/kg-day 3000 1 Low Low Low Threshold Chronic
6 Acifluorfen, sodium 62476-59-9 Developmental, Other, Urinary Mortality and kidney lesions 2-generation reproduction rat study Rhone-Poulenc, Inc., 1986 No Observed Effect Level 1.25 mg/kg-day 0.013 mg/kg-day 100 1 Medium Medium Medium Threshold Chronic
7 Acrolein 107-02-8 Other Decreased survival Chronic gavage rat study Parent et. al., 1992a No Observable Adverse Effect Level 0.05 mg/kg-day 0.0005 mg/kg-day 100 1 Medium High Medium/High Threshold Chronic
8 Acrylamide 79-06-1 Nervous Degenerative nerve changes Chronic rat study Johnson et al. 1986 Human Equivalent Dose 0.053 mg/kg-day 0.002 mg/kg-day 30 1 Medium/High Medium/High Medium/High Threshold Chronic
9 Acrylic acid 79-10-7 Developmental Reduced pup weight Rat reproductive study BASF, 1993 No Observable Adverse Effect Level 53.0 mg/kg-day 0.5 mg/kg-day 100 1 High High High Threshold Chronic
10 Alachlor 15972-60-8 Hematologic, Other Hemosiderosis, hemolytic anemia 1-year dog feeding study Monsanto Co., 1984a No Observable Adverse Effect Level 1.0 mg/kg-day 0.01 mg/kg-day 100 1 High High High Threshold Chronic
11 Alar 1596-84-5 Other No adverse effects 3-generation reproduction rat study, 3-generation reproduction rat study Uniroyal Chemical, 1966 No Observed Effect Level 15.0 mg/kg-day 0.15 mg/kg-day 100 1 Low Medium Low Threshold Chronic
12 Aldicarb 116-06-3 Nervous Sweating as clinical sign of AChe inhibition Acute human oral exposure study Rhone-Poulenc, 1992 No Observable Adverse Effect Level 0.01 mg/kg-day 0.001 mg/kg-day 10 1 Medium Medium Medium Threshold Chronic
13 Aldicarb sulfone 1646-88-4 Nervous Brain ChE inhibition in females 1-year dog feeding study Union Carbide Agricultural Products Co., 1987 No Observable Adverse Effect Level 0.11 mg/kg-day 0.001 mg/kg-day 100 1 Medium Medium Medium Threshold Chronic
14 Aldrin 309-00-2 Hepatic Liver toxicity Rat chronic feeding study Fitzhugh et al., 1964 Lowest Observable Adverse Effect Level 0.025 mg/kg-day 3e-05 mg/kg-day 1000 1 Medium Medium Medium Threshold Chronic
15 Ally 74223-64-6 Other Decreased body weight 2-year rat feeding/oncogenicity study duPont, 1985a No Observed Effect Level 25.0 mg/kg-day 0.25 mg/kg-day 100 1 High High High Threshold Chronic
16 Allyl alcohol 107-18-6 Hepatic, Urinary Impaired renal function and increased liver and kidney weights Subchronic oral rat study (drinking water) Carpanini et al., 1978 No Observed Effect Level 4.8 mg/kg-day 0.005 mg/kg-day 1000 1 Medium Low Low Threshold Chronic
17 Aluminum phosphide 20859-73-8 Other Body weight and clinical parameters Rat chronic oral study Hackenburg, 1972 No Observable Adverse Effect Level 0.043 mg/kg-day 0.0004 mg/kg-day 100 1 Medium Medium Medium Threshold Chronic
18 Amdro 67485-29-4 Hepatic, Other Increased organ weights 26-week dog feeding study American Cyanamid, 1980 No Observed Effect Level 0.33 mg/kg-day 0.0003 mg/kg-day 1000 1 Medium High High Threshold Chronic
19 Ametryn 834-12-8 Hepatic Liver toxicity Rat subchronic oral gavage bioassay Ciba-Geigy, 1961a No Observed Effect Level 8.6 mg/kg-day 0.009 mg/kg-day 1000 1 Medium Low Low Threshold Chronic
20 Amitraz 33089-61-1 Hematologic Increased mean blood sugar concentration; slight hypothermia 2-year dog oral feeding study Upjohn Co., 1972a No Observed Effect Level 0.25 mg/kg-day 0.0025 mg/kg-day 100 1 Medium Medium Medium Threshold Chronic
21 Ammonium sulfamate 7773-06-0 Other Decrease in body weight 90-day rat feeding study Gupta et al., 1979 No Observed Effect Level 214.3 mg/kg-day 0.2 mg/kg-day 1000 1 Medium Low Low Threshold Chronic
22 Anthracene 120-12-7 Other No observed effects Subchronic toxicity study in mice U.S. EPA, 1989 No Observed Effect Level 1000.0 mg/kg-day 0.3 mg/kg-day 3000 1 Low Low Low Threshold Chronic
23 Antimony 7440-36-0 Hematologic, Other Longevity, blood glucose, and cholesterol Rat chronic oral bioassay Schroeder et al., 1970 Lowest Observable Adverse Effect Level 0.35 mg/kg-day 0.0004 mg/kg-day 1000 1 Low Low Low Threshold Chronic
24 Apollo 74115-24-5 Endocrine, Hepatic Liver effects; organ weight changes 1-year feeding dog study BFC Chemicals, Inc., 1984 No Observed Effect Level 1.25 mg/kg-day 0.013 mg/kg-day 100 1 High High High Threshold Chronic
25 Aroclor 1016 12674-11-2 Developmental Reduced birth weights Monkey reproductive bioassay Barsotti and van Miller, 1984; Levin et al., 1988; Schantz et al., 1989, 1991 No Observable Adverse Effect Level 0.007 mg/kg-day 7e-05 mg/kg-day 100 1 Medium Medium Medium Threshold Chronic
26 Aroclor 1254 11097-69-1 Dermal, Immune, Ocular Ocular exudate, inflamed and prominent Meibomian glands, distorted growth of finger and toe nails; decreased antibody (IgG and IgM) response to sheep erythrocytes Monkey clinical and immunologic studies Arnold et al., 1994a,b; Tryphonas et al., 1989, 1991a,b Lowest Observable Adverse Effect Level 0.005 mg/kg-day 2e-05 mg/kg-day 300 1 Medium Medium Medium Threshold Chronic
27 Arsenic, Inorganic 7440-38-2 Cardiovascular, Endocrine Ischemic heart disease and type 2 diabetes (see Note) Human chronic oral exposure Tseng, 1977; Tseng et al., 1968 See Note None 6e-05 mg/kg-day 3 1 Medium Medium Medium/High Threshold Chronic
28 Assure 76578-14-8 Hepatic Liver cell enlargement 2-year rat feeding study (NOEL for male subjects) duPont, 1985 No Observed Effect Level 0.9 mg/kg-day 0.009 mg/kg-day 100 1 High High High Threshold Chronic
29 Asulam 3337-71-1 Hepatic, Reproductive Lower ovarian weight, lower liver/body weight 2-generation reproduction rat study Rhone-Poulenc, 1981a Lowest Effect Level 50.0 mg/kg-day 0.05 mg/kg-day 1000 1 Medium Medium Medium Threshold Chronic
30 Atrazine 1912-24-9 Other Decreased body weight gain 2-year rat feeding study Ciba-Geigy Corp., 1986 No Observable Adverse Effect Level 3.5 mg/kg-day 0.035 mg/kg-day 100 1 High High High Threshold Chronic
31 Avermectin B1 65195-55-3 Developmental Increased retinal folds in weanlings, decreased viability and lactation indices, decreased pup body weight, increase of dead pups at birth 2-generation rat reproduction study Merck and Co., 1984 No Observed Effect Level 0.12 mg/kg-day 0.0004 mg/kg-day 300 1 Medium High High Threshold Chronic
32 Barium and Compounds 7440-39-3 Urinary Nephropathy 2-year drinking water study in mice NTP (1994) Benchmark Dose based on the LED10 (Lowest Effective Dose) 63.0 mg/kg-day 0.2 mg/kg-day 300 1 High Medium Medium Threshold Chronic
33 Baygon 114-26-1 Nervous Mild cholinergic symptoms and RBD ChE inhibition Single-dose human study Vandekar et al., 1971 Lowest Effect Level 0.36 mg/kg-day 0.004 mg/kg-day 100 1 Low Medium Medium Threshold Chronic
34 Bayleton 43121-43-3 Hematologic, Other Decreased body weight gain, erythrocyte count and hemoglobin level 2-year rat dietary study Mobay Chemical, 1978 No Observed Effect Level 2.5 mg/kg-day 0.03 mg/kg-day 100 1 High High High Threshold Chronic
35 Baythroid 68359-37-5 Other, Urinary Decreased body weights in males, inflammatory foci in kidneys of females 2-year rat study, dietary Mobay Chemical, 1983a No Observed Effect Level 2.5 mg/kg-day 0.025 mg/kg-day 100 1 High High High Threshold Chronic
36 Benefin 1861-40-1 Hematologic Depressed erythrocyte counts Dog chronic oral bioassay Eli Lilly and Co., 1972 No Observable Adverse Effect Level 25.0 mg/kg-day 0.3 mg/kg-day 100 1 Medium Medium Medium Threshold Chronic
37 Benomyl 17804-35-2 Developmental Decreased pup weanling weights 3-generation reproduction rat study du Pont, 1968a No Observed Effect Level 5.0 mg/kg-day 0.05 mg/kg-day 100 1 Medium High High Threshold Chronic
38 Bentazon (Basagran) 25057-89-0 Hematologic Blood loss into the gastrointestinal tract; coagulation defect in male and female dogs 1 year dog feeding study Allen et al., 1989 No Observable Adverse Effect Level 3.2 mg/kg-day 0.03 mg/kg-day 100 1 Medium Medium Medium Threshold Chronic
39 Benzaldehyde 100-52-7 Gastrointestinal, Urinary Forestomach lesions, kidney toxicity Rat oral toxicity study (subchronic) Kluwe et al., 1983 No Observed Effect Level 143.0 mg/kg-day 0.1 mg/kg-day 1000 1 Medium Low Low Threshold Chronic
40 Benzene 71-43-2 Immune Decreased lymphocyte count Human occupational inhalation study Rothman et. al., 1996 Benchmark Dose based on the LED10 (Lowest Effective Dose) 1.2 mg/kg-day 0.004 mg/kg-day 300 1 Medium Medium Medium Threshold Chronic
41 Benzidine 92-87-5 Hepatic, Nervous Brain cell vacuolization; liver cell alterations in females Mouse chronic oral bioassay Littlefield et al., 1983 Lowest Observable Adverse Effect Level 2.7 mg/kg-day 0.003 mg/kg-day 1000 1 Medium Medium Medium Threshold Chronic
42 Benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) 50-32-8 Reproductive Decreased ovarian follicles and ovary weight Gavage subchronic (60 d) reproductive toxicity study in rats Xu et al. (2010) Benchmark Dose based on the LED10 (Lowest Effective Dose) 0.37 mg/kg-day 0.0004 mg/kg-day 1000 1 None None Medium None Chronic
43 Benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) 50-32-8 Immune Decreased thymus weight and serum IgM Gavage subchronic (35 d) study in rats De Jong et al. (1999) Benchmark Dose based on the LED10 (Lowest Effective Dose) 1.9 mg/kg-day 0.002 mg/kg-day 1000 1 None None Low Benchmark Chronic
44 Benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) 50-32-8 Developmental Neurobehavioral changes Gavage neurodevelopmental study in rats (postnatal days [PNDs] 5−11) Chen et al. (2012) Benchmark Dose based on the LED10 (Lowest Effective Dose) 0.092 mg/kg-day 0.0003 mg/kg-day 300 1 Medium Medium Medium Benchmark Chronic
45 Benzoic acid 65-85-0 Other No adverse effects observed Human daily per capita intakes FDA, 1973; Selected Committee on Review of the GRAS List No Observable Adverse Effect Level 4.4 mg/kg-day 4.0 mg/kg-day 1 1 Medium Medium Medium Threshold Chronic
46 Beryllium and compounds 7440-41-7 Gastrointestinal Small intestinal lesions Dog dietary study Morgareidge et al., 1976 Benchmark Dose 0.46 mg/kg-day 0.002 mg/kg-day 300 1 Medium Low/Medium Low/Medium Threshold Chronic
47 Bidrin 141-66-2 Reproductive Decreased pup survival 3-generation rat reproduction study Shell Chemical, 1965a No Observed Effect Level 0.1 mg/kg-day 0.0001 mg/kg-day 1000 1 Low Low Low Threshold Chronic
48 Biphenthrin 82657-04-3 Nervous Tremors 1-year dog feeding study FMC Corporation, 1985 No Observed Effect Level 1.5 mg/kg-day 0.015 mg/kg-day 100 1 Medium High High Threshold Chronic
49 Biphenyl 92-52-4 Urinary Renal papillary mineralization in male F344 rats 2-year dietary study Umeda et al. (2002) Benchmark Dose based on the LED10 (Lowest Effective Dose) 13.9 mg/kg-day 0.5 mg/kg-day 30 10 High Medium/High Medium/High None Chronic
50 Bis(2-chloro-1-methylethyl) ether 108-60-1 Hematologic Decrease in hemoglobin and possible erythrocyte destruction 104-week mouse study oral exposure (diet) Mitsumori et al., 1979 No Observable Adverse Effect Level 35.8 mg/kg-day 0.04 mg/kg-day 1000 1 Medium Low Low Threshold Chronic
51 Bisphenol A 80-05-7 Other Reduced mean body weight Rat chronic oral bioassay NTP, 1982 Lowest Observable Adverse Effect Level 50.0 mg/kg-day 0.05 mg/kg-day 1000 1 Medium High High Threshold Chronic
52 Boron and Compounds 7440-42-8 Developmental Decreased fetal weight (developmental) Rat dietary gestational exposure to boric acid Price et al., 1996a; Heindel et al., 1992 Benchmark Dose based on the LED10 (Lowest Effective Dose) 10.3 mg/kg-day 0.2 mg/kg-day 66 1 High High High Benchmark Chronic
53 Bromate 15541-45-4 Urinary Renal effects: urothelial hyperplasia Rat feeding study DeAngelo et al., 1998 No Observable Adverse Effect Level 1.1 mg/kg-day 0.004 mg/kg-day 300 1 High Medium Medium Threshold Chronic
54 Bromobenzene 108-86-1 Hepatic Hepatocellular cytomegaly in male B6C3F1 mice 90-day oral gavage administration NTP (1985b) Benchmark Dose based on the LED10 (Lowest Effective Dose) 24.1 mg/kg-day 0.008 mg/kg-day 3000 1 Medium Low/Medium Low/Medium None Chronic
55 Bromobenzene 108-86-1 Hepatic Hepatocellular cytomegaly in male B6C3F1 mice 90-day oral gavage administration NTP (1985b) Benchmark Dose based on the LED10 (Lowest Effective Dose) 24.1 mg/kg-day 0.02 mg/kg-day 1000 1 Medium Medium Medium None Subchronic
56 Bromodichloromethane 75-27-4 Urinary Renal cytomegaly Chronic mouse gavage bioassay NTP, 1986 Lowest Observable Adverse Effect Level 17.9 mg/kg-day 0.02 mg/kg-day 1000 1 Medium Medium Medium Threshold Chronic
57 Bromoform 75-25-2 Hepatic Hepatic lesions Rat, subchronic oral gavage bioassay NTP, 1989 No Observed Effect Level 17.9 mg/kg-day 0.02 mg/kg-day 1000 1 Medium Medium Medium Threshold Chronic
58 Bromomethane 74-83-9 Gastrointestinal Epithelial hyperplasia of the forestomach Rat subchronic gavage study Danse et al., 1984 No Observable Adverse Effect Level 1.4 mg/kg-day 0.0014 mg/kg-day 1000 1 Medium Medium Medium Threshold Chronic
59 Bromoxynil 1689-84-5 Other No adverse effects 2-year rat feeding/ oncogenic study Union Carbide, 1982 No Observed Effect Level 5.0 mg/kg-day 0.02 mg/kg-day 300 1 Low Medium Medium Threshold Chronic
60 Bromoxynil octanoate 1689-99-2 Other No effects 2-year rat feeding study Union Carbide, 1982 No Observed Effect Level 7.3 mg/kg-day 0.02 mg/kg-day 300 1 Low Medium Medium Threshold Chronic
61 Butyl benzyl phthalate (BBP) 85-68-7 Hepatic Significantly increased liver-to-body weight and liver-to-brain weight ratios 6-month rat study oral exposure (diet) NTP, 1985 No Observable Adverse Effect Level 159.0 mg/kg-day 0.2 mg/kg-day 1000 1 Medium Low Low Threshold Chronic
62 Butylate 2008-41-5 Hepatic Increased relative liver weight in male dogs 12-month dog feeding study Stauffer Chemical Co., 1987a No Observable Adverse Effect Level 5.0 mg/kg-day 0.05 mg/kg-day 100 1 High High High Threshold Chronic
63 Butylphthalyl butylglycolate (BPBG) 85-70-1 Other No adverse effect Rat, chronic oral bioassay B.F. Goodrich Co., 1950 No Observed Effect Level 1000.0 mg/kg-day 1.0 mg/kg-day 1000 1 Medium Low Low Threshold Chronic
64 Cadmium 7440-43-9 Urinary Significant proteinuria Human studies involving chronic exposures U.S. EPA, 1985 No Observable Adverse Effect Level 0.005 mg/kg-day 0.0005 mg/kg-day 10 1 Not Available High High Threshold Chronic
65 Cadmium 7440-43-9 Urinary Significant proteinuria Human studies involving chronic exposures U.S. EPA, 1985 No Observable Adverse Effect Level 0.01 mg/kg-day 0.001 mg/kg-day 10 1 None None High None Chronic
66 Calcium cyanide 592-01-8 Reproductive Decreased cauda epididymis weight in male F344/N rats. The RfD for cyanide, free is presented in section I.A.3 of the hydrogen cyanide and cyanide salts IRIS Summary. None None None None 0.001 mg/kg-day None None None None None None Chronic
67 Caprolactam 105-60-2 Developmental Reduced offspring body weight Rat oral three generation reproduction study Serotta et al., 1984 No Observable Adverse Effect Level 50.0 mg/kg-day 0.5 mg/kg-day 100 1 High High High Threshold Chronic
68 Captafol 2425-06-1 Urinary Kidney and bladder toxicity One-year dog feeding study Ortho-Chevron, 1985a Lowest Effect Level 2.0 mg/kg-day 0.002 mg/kg-day 1000 1 High High High Threshold Chronic
69 Captan 133-06-2 Other Decreased mean body weights One-generation and three-generation rat reproduction studies Stauffer Chemical Co., 1982a Chevron Chemical Co., 1982 No Observed Effect Level 12.5 mg/kg-day 0.13 mg/kg-day 100 1 Medium High High Threshold Chronic
70 Carbaryl 63-25-2 Hepatic, Urinary Kidney and liver toxicity Rat chronic feeding study Carpenter et al., 1961 No Observable Adverse Effect Level 9.6 mg/kg-day 0.1 mg/kg-day 100 1 High Medium Medium Threshold Chronic
71 Carbofuran 1563-66-2 Nervous, Reproductive RBC and plasma cholinesterase inhibition, and testicular and uterine effects One-year dog feeding study FMC Corp., 1983 No Observed Effect Level 0.5 mg/kg-day 0.005 mg/kg-day 100 1 High High High Threshold Chronic
72 Carbon disulfide 75-15-0 Developmental Fetal toxicity/ malformations Rabbit inhalation teratogenic study Hardin et al., 1981 No Observed Effect Level 11.0 mg/kg-day 0.1 mg/kg-day 100 1 Medium Medium Medium Threshold Chronic
73 Carbon tetrachloride 56-23-5 Hepatic Elevated serum SDH activity Subchronic oral rat study Bruckner et al., 1986 Benchmark Dose based on the LED10 (Lowest Effective Dose) 3.9 mg/kg-day 0.004 mg/kg-day 1000 1 Medium Medium Medium Threshold Chronic
74 Carbosulfan 55285-14-8 Other Decreased body weight 2-year rat feeding study FMC, 1982a No Observed Effect Level 1.0 mg/kg-day 0.01 mg/kg-day 100 1 High High High Threshold Chronic
75 Carboxin 5234-68-4 Other Reduced weight gain, organ weight changes, increased mortality 2-year rat feeding study Uniroyal Chemical, 1969a No Observed Effect Level 10.0 mg/kg-day 0.1 mg/kg-day 100 1 Medium High High Threshold Chronic
76 Chloral hydrate 302-17-0 Gastrointestinal, Nervous CNS depression and GI irritation in humans Subchronic human pharmacological information Goodman and Gilman, 1985 Lowest Observable Adverse Effect Level 10.7 mg/kg-day 0.1 mg/kg-day 100 1 Medium High High Threshold Chronic
77 Chloramben 133-90-4 Hepatic Hepatocyte degeneration 18-month feeding study in CD-1 mice Union Carbide, 1978 Lowest Effect Level 15.0 mg/kg-day 0.015 mg/kg-day 1000 1 Medium Medium Medium Threshold Chronic
78 Chlordane (Technical) 12789-03-6 Hepatic Hepatic necrosis Mouse 104-week oral study Khasawinah and Grutsch, 1989a No Observable Adverse Effect Level 0.15 mg/kg-day 0.0005 mg/kg-day 300 1 Medium Medium Medium Threshold Chronic
79 Chlordecone (Kepone) 143-50-0 Urinary Renal lesions (glomerulosclerosis) in female Wistar rats 2-year feeding study Larson et al., 1979 Benchmark Dose based on the LED10 (Lowest Effective Dose) 0.08 mg/kg-day 0.0003 mg/kg-day 300 1 Medium Medium Medium Benchmark Chronic
80 Chlorimuron-ethyl 90982-32-4 Hematologic Increase in WBC, decreased in RBC in females, increase in alkaline phosphatase in males 1-year dog study oral exposure (diet) duPont, 1985 No Observed Effect Level 6.25 mg/kg-day 0.02 mg/kg-day 300 1 Medium Medium Medium Threshold Chronic
81 Chlorine 7782-50-5 None No observed adverse effects Rat chronic drinking water study NTP, 1992 No Observable Adverse Effect Level 14.4 mg/kg-day 0.1 mg/kg-day 100 1 High Medium Medium Threshold Chronic
82 Chlorine cyanide 506-77-4 Endocrine, Nervous, Other Weight loss, thyroid effects, and myelin degeneration Rat chronic oral study Howard and Hanzal, 1955 No Observable Adverse Effect Level 25.3 mg/kg-day 0.05 mg/kg-day 100 5 Medium Medium Medium Threshold Chronic
83 Chlorine dioxide 10049-04-4 Developmental, Nervous Neurodevelopmental effects Two-generation rat drinking water study CMA, 1996 No Observable Adverse Effect Level 3.0 mg/kg-day 0.03 mg/kg-day 100 1 Medium High Medium/High Threshold Chronic
84 Chlorite (sodium salt) 7758-19-2 Developmental, Nervous Neurodevelopmental effects Two-generation rat drinking water study CMA, 1996 No Observable Adverse Effect Level 3.0 mg/kg-day 0.03 mg/kg-day 100 1 Medium High Medium/High Threshold Chronic
85 p-Chloroaniline 106-47-8 Immune Nonneoplastic lesions of splenic capsule Rat, chronic oral bioassay NCI, 1979 Lowest Observable Adverse Effect Level 12.5 mg/kg-day 0.004 mg/kg-day 3000 1 Low Low Low Threshold Chronic
86 Chlorobenzene 108-90-7 Hepatic Histopathologic changes in liver 13-week dog study, oral exposure (capsule) Monsanto Co., 1967a; Knapp et al., 1971 No Observable Adverse Effect Level 19.0 mg/kg-day 0.02 mg/kg-day 1000 1 Medium Medium Medium Threshold Chronic
87 Chlorobenzilate 510-15-6 Nervous, Other Decreased stool quantity, food consumption and body weight gains hyperirritability (maternal effects) Rabbit teratology study Ciba-Geigy Corp., 1984a No Observed Effect Level 5.0 mg/kg-day 0.02 mg/kg-day 300 1 Low Medium Medium Threshold Chronic
88 Chloroform 67-66-3 Hepatic Moderate/marked fatty cyst formation in the liver and elevated SGPT Dog, chronic oral bioassay Heywood et al., 1979 Benchmark Dose based on the LED10 (Lowest Effective Dose) 1.0 mg/kg-day 0.01 mg/kg-day 100 1 Medium Medium Medium Threshold Chronic
89 beta-Chloronaphthalene 91-58-7 Hepatic, Other, Respiratory Dyspnea, abnormal appearance, liver enlargement Mouse subchronic oral gavage study U.S. EPA, 1989 No Observable Adverse Effect Level 250.0 mg/kg-day 0.08 mg/kg-day 3000 1 Medium Low Low Threshold Chronic
90 2-Chlorophenol 95-57-8 Reproductive Reproductive effects Rat subchronic drinking water study Exon and Koller, 1982 No Observable Adverse Effect Level 5.0 mg/kg-day 0.005 mg/kg-day 1000 1 Low Low Low Threshold Chronic
91 Chlorothalonil 1897-45-6 Urinary Renal tubular epithelial vacuolation 2-year dog feeding study Diamond Shamrock Chemical, 1970a No Observed Effect Level 1.5 mg/kg-day 0.015 mg/kg-day 100 1 High Medium Medium Threshold Chronic
92 o-Chlorotoluene 95-49-8 Other Decrease in body weight gain 15-week rat study oral exposure (gavage) Gibson et al., 1974a No Observable Adverse Effect Level 20.0 mg/kg-day 0.02 mg/kg-day 1000 1 Medium Low Low Threshold Chronic
93 Chlorpropham 101-21-3 Hematologic, Hepatic, Immune, Urinary Kidney, spleen, liver, and bone marrow toxicity 2-generation rat reproduction study PPG Industries, 1983a No Observed Effect Level 50.0 mg/kg-day 0.2 mg/kg-day 300 1 High Medium Medium Threshold Chronic
94 Chlorsulfuron 64902-72-3 Other Decreased body weight 2-year rat study oral exposure (diet) du Pont, 1980a No Observed Effect Level 5.0 mg/kg-day 0.05 mg/kg-day 100 1 High High High None Chronic
95 Chromium(III), insoluble salts 16065-83-1 Other No effects observed Rat chronic feeding study Ivankovic and Preussman, 1975 No Observable Adverse Effect Level 1468.0 mg/kg-day 1.5 mg/kg-day 100 10 Low Low Low Threshold Chronic
96 Chromium(VI) 18540-29-9 Hematologic Decreased hemoglobin in male rats (short-term exposure data). None None Human Equivalent Dose 0.126 mg/mg-day 0.01 mg/kg-day 10 None None None Medium None Chronic
97 Chromium(VI) 18540-29-9 Developmental Decreased postnatal growth in F1 offspring in mice (continuous breeding study) None None Human Equivalent Dose 0.7 mg/mg-day 0.07 mg/kg-day 10 None None None Low None Chronic
98 Chromium(VI) 18540-29-9 Hepatic Chronic inflammation in female rats. None None Human Equivalent Dose 0.0669 mg/mg-day 0.0007 mg/kg-day 100 None None None Medium-High None Chronic
99 Chromium(VI) 18540-29-9 Gastrointestinal Hyperplasia in small intesting of female mice (chronic exposure study). None None Human Equivalent Dose 0.0911 mg/mg-day 0.0009 mg/kg-day 100 None None None Medium-High None Chronic
100 Copper cyanide 544-92-3 Hepatic, Other, Urinary Decreased body and organ weights, histopathologic alterations in liver and kidney Rat oral subchronic study U.S. EPA, 1986 No Observable Adverse Effect Level 5.0 mg/kg-day 0.005 mg/kg-day 1000 1 Medium Medium Medium Threshold Chronic
101 Cumene 98-82-8 Urinary Increased average kidney weight in female rats Rat oral gavage study Wolf et al., 1956 No Observable Adverse Effect Level 110.0 mg/kg-day 0.1 mg/kg-day 1000 1 Low Medium Low Threshold Chronic
102 Cyanide, free 57-12-5 Reproductive Decreased cauda epididymis weight in male F344/N rats. The RfD for cyanide, free is presented in section 1.A.3 of the hydrogen cyanide and cyanide salts IRIS Summary. Decreased cauda epididymis weight in rats in the subchronic oral study conducted by NTP (1993). A total UF of 3,000 was applied to the POD: 10 for the extrapolation from animals to humans (UFA), 10 for the extrapolation from a subchronic to chronic exposure duration (UFS) 10 for human intraspecies variability (UFH) and 3 to account for database deficiencies (UFD). None None None 0.00063 mg/kg-day 3000 None None None Low/Medium None Chronic
103 Cyanogen 460-19-5 Other Decreased cauda epididymis weight in male F344/N rats. The RfD for cyanogen is presented in section I.A.3 of the hydrogen cyanide and cyanide salts IRIS Summary. None None None None 0.001 mg/kg-day None None None None None None Chronic
104 Cyanogen bromide 506-68-3 Endocrine, Nervous, Other Weight loss, thyroid effects and myelin degeneration Rat chronic oral study Howard and Hanzal, 1955 No Observable Adverse Effect Level 44.0 mg/kg-day 0.09 mg/kg-day 100 5 Medium Medium Low Threshold Chronic
105 Cyclohexanone 108-94-1 Other Body weight depression Chronic rat oral study Lijinsky and Kovatch, 1986 No Observable Adverse Effect Level 462.0 mg/kg-day 5.0 mg/kg-day 100 1 High Medium Medium Threshold Chronic
106 Cyclohexylamine 108-91-8 Reproductive Testicular damage Rat chronic oral study Gaunt et al., 1976 No Observable Adverse Effect Level 18.0 mg/kg-day 0.2 mg/kg-day 100 1 High High High Threshold Chronic
107 Cyhalothrin/Karate 68085-85-8 Developmental, Other Reduced body weight gain preceding pregnancy reduced body weight gain in offspring during weaning period 3-generation reproduction study in rats Coopers Animal Health and Imperial Chemical Industries, 1984 No Observed Effect Level 0.5 mg/kg-day 0.005 mg/kg-day 100 1 High High High Threshold Chronic
108 Cypermethrin 52315-07-8 Gastrointestinal G.I. tract disturbances 1-year dog feeding study ICI Americas, Inc., 1982a No Observed Effect Level 1.0 mg/kg-day 0.01 mg/kg-day 100 1 High High High Threshold Chronic
109 Cyromazine 66215-27-8 Hematologic Hematologic effects 6-month dog study oral exposure (diet) Ciba-Geigy, 1980 No Observed Effect Level 0.75 mg/kg-day 0.0075 mg/kg-day 100 1 High High High Threshold Chronic
110 Dacthal 1861-32-1 Endocrine, Hepatic, Ocular, Respiratory, Urinary Effects on the lungs, liver, kidney, thyroid and thyroid hormones in males and females and eyes of females 2-year rat feeding study ISK Biotech Corp., 1993 No Observable Adverse Effect Level 1.0 mg/kg-day 0.01 mg/kg-day 100 1 High High High Threshold Chronic
111 Dalapon, sodium salt 75-99-0 Urinary Increased kidney body weight ratio 2-year rat study oral exposure (diet) Paynter et al., 1960 No Observed Effect Level 8.45 mg/kg-day 0.03 mg/kg-day 300 1 Low Low Low Threshold Chronic
112 Danitol 39515-41-8 Nervous Tremors 1-year dog feeding study Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd., 1984 No Observable Adverse Effect Level 2.5 mg/kg-day 0.025 mg/kg-day 100 1 Medium High High Threshold Chronic
113 2,2',3,3',4,4',5,5',6,6'-Decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209) 1163-19-5 Nervous Neurobehavioral effects Single dose gavage study in mice Viberg et al., 2003 No Observable Adverse Effect Level 2.22 mg/kg 0.007 mg/kg-day 300 1 Low Medium Low Threshold Chronic
114 Demeton 8065-48-3 Nervous ChE inhibition, optic nerve degeneration 2-year feeding in rats (disulfoton) Mobay Chemical, 1985 Lowest Effect Level 0.04 mg/kg-day 4e-05 mg/kg-day 1000 1 High Low Low Threshold Chronic
115 Di (2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) 117-81-7 Hepatic Increased relative liver weight Guinea pig subchronic-to-chronic oral bioassay Carpenter et al., 1953 Lowest Observable Adverse Effect Level 19.0 mg/kg-day 0.02 mg/kg-day 1000 1 Medium Medium Medium Threshold Chronic
116 Di(2-ethylhexyl)adipate 103-23-1 Developmental, Hepatic, Musculoskeletal, Other, Urinary Changes in body weight and liver weight increased liver weight of male and female parents reduced ossification and slightly dilated ureters in fetuses reduced offspring weight gain, total litter weight, and litter size Rat teratogenicity feeding study one-generation rat reproductive study ICI, 1988a,b No Observable Adverse Effect Level 170.0 mg/kg-day 0.6 mg/kg-day 300 1 Medium Medium Medium Threshold Chronic
117 1,4-Dibromobenzene 106-37-6 Hepatic Liver/body weight ratio and hepatic microsomal enzyme induction Rat subchronic oral study Carlson and Tardiff, 1977 No Observable Adverse Effect Level 10.0 mg/kg-day 0.01 mg/kg-day 1000 1 Medium Low Low Threshold Chronic
118 Dibromochloromethane 124-48-1 Hepatic Hepatic lesions Rat, subchronic gavage bioassay NTP, 1985 No Observed Effect Level 21.4 mg/kg-day 0.02 mg/kg-day 1000 1 Medium Medium Medium Threshold Chronic
119 1,2-Dibromoethane 106-93-4 Endocrine, Hepatic, Reproductive Testicular atrophy, liver peliosis, and adrenal cortical degeneration Rat chronic oral gavage study NCI, 1978 Lowest Observable Adverse Effect Level 27.0 mg/kg-day 0.009 mg/kg-day 3000 1 Low/Medium Low/Medium Low/Medium Benchmark Chronic
120 Dibutyl phthalate (DBP) 84-74-2 Other Increased mortality Rat subchronic to chronic, oral bioassay Smith, 1953 No Observable Adverse Effect Level 125.0 mg/kg-day 0.1 mg/kg-day 1000 1 Low Low Low Threshold Chronic
121 Dicamba 1918-00-9 Developmental, Other Maternal (reduced weight gain) and fetal toxicity Rabbit developmental study Velsicol Chemical, 1978 No Observed Effect Level 3.0 mg/kg-day 0.03 mg/kg-day 100 1 Medium High High Threshold Chronic
122 Dichloroacetic acid 79-43-6 Hepatic, Nervous, Reproductive Lesions observed in the testes, cerebrum, cerebellum, and liver. Dog, Subchronic Oral Cicmanec et. al., 1991 Lowest Observable Adverse Effect Level 12.5 mg/kg-day 0.004 mg/kg-day 3000 1 High Medium Medium Threshold None
123 1,2-Dichlorobenzene 95-50-1 Other No adverse effects observed 2-year rat study, oral exposure (gavage) NTP, 1985 No Observable Adverse Effect Level 85.7 mg/kg-day 0.09 mg/kg-day 1000 1 Medium Low Low Threshold Chronic
124 Dichlorodifluoromethane 75-71-8 Other Reduced body weight Rat chronic oral study Sherman, 1974 No Observable Adverse Effect Level 15.0 mg/kg-day 0.2 mg/kg-day 100 1 High Medium Medium Threshold Chronic
125 p,p'-Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) 50-29-3 Hepatic Liver lesions 27-week rat feeding study Laug et al., 1950 No Observed Effect Level 0.05 mg/kg-day 0.0005 mg/kg-day 100 1 Medium Medium Medium Threshold Chronic
126 trans-1,2-Dichloroethylene 156-60-5 Immune Decrease in number of antibody forming cells (AFCs) against sheep red blood cells (sRBCs) in male mice Subchronic oral mouse study Shopp et al. (1985) Benchmark Dose based on the LED10 (Lowest Effective Dose) 65.0 mg/kg-day 0.02 mg/kg-day 3000 1 Medium Low/Medium Low Threshold Chronic
127 cis-1,2-Dichloroethylene 156-59-2 Urinary Increased relative kidney weight in male rats Subchronic oral rat study McCauley et al. (1995, 1990) Benchmark Dose based on the LED10 (Lowest Effective Dose) 5.1 mg/kg-day 0.002 mg/kg-day 3000 1 Medium Low/Medium Low Threshold Chronic
128 1,1-Dichloroethylene (1,1-DCE) 75-35-4 Hepatic Liver toxicity (fatty change) Rat chronic drinking water study Quast et al., 1983 Benchmark Dose based on the LED10 (Lowest Effective Dose) 4.6 mg/kg-day 0.05 mg/kg-day 100 1 High Medium Medium Threshold Chronic
129 Dichloromethane 75-09-2 Hepatic Hepatic effects (hepatic vacuolation, liver foci) 2-Year rat drinking water bioassay Serota et al., 1986a Benchmark Dose based on the LED10 (Lowest Effective Dose) 0.19 mg/kg-day 0.006 mg/kg-day 30 1 High Medium/High High None Chronic
130 2,4-Dichlorophenol 120-83-2 Immune Decreased delayed hypersensitivity response Rat, subchronic to chronic Exon and Koller, 1985 No Observed Effect Level 0.3 mg/kg-day 0.003 mg/kg-day 100 1 Low Low Low Threshold Chronic
131 4-(2,4-Dichlorophenoxy)butyric acid (2,4-DB) 94-82-6 Other Internal hemorrhage, mortality Dog subchronic oral bioassay Rhodia, Inc., 1969a No Observable Adverse Effect Level 8.0 mg/kg-day 0.008 mg/kg-day 1000 1 Medium Low Low Threshold Chronic
132 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) 94-75-7 Hematologic, Hepatic, Urinary Hematologic, hepatic and renal toxicity 90-day rat oral bioassay and 1-year interim report from a 2-year rat oral bioassay Dow Chemical Co., 1983 No Observable Adverse Effect Level 1.0 mg/kg-day 0.01 mg/kg-day 100 1 Medium Medium Medium Threshold Chronic
133 2,3-Dichloropropanol 616-23-9 Cardiovascular, Hepatic, Urinary Myocardial degeneration, hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity Rat oral subchronic study U.S. EPA, 1989 No Observable Adverse Effect Level 10.0 mg/kg-day 0.003 mg/kg-day 3000 1 Medium Low Low Threshold Chronic
134 1,3-Dichloropropene 542-75-6 Gastrointestinal Chronic irritation Rat chronic feeding study Stott et al., 1995 Benchmark Dose based on the LED10 (Lowest Effective Dose) 3.4 mg/kg-day 0.03 mg/kg-day 100 1 High High High Threshold Chronic
135 Dichlorvos 62-73-7 Nervous Plasma and RBC ChE inhibition in males and females brain ChE inhibition in males 1-year dog feeding study AMVAC Chemical Corp., 1990 No Observable Adverse Effect Level 0.05 mg/kg-day 0.0005 mg/kg-day 100 1 High Medium Medium Threshold Chronic
136 Dieldrin 60-57-1 Hepatic Liver lesions 2-year rat feeding study Walker et al., 1969 No Observable Adverse Effect Level 0.005 mg/kg-day 5e-05 mg/kg-day 100 1 Low Medium Medium Threshold Chronic
137 Diethyl phthalate (DEP) 84-66-2 Other Decreased growth rate, food consumption and altered organ weights Rat, subchronic oral feeding study Brown et al., 1978 No Observable Adverse Effect Level 750.0 mg/kg-day 0.8 mg/kg-day 1000 1 Medium Low Low Threshold Chronic
138 Difenzoquat 43222-48-6 Other Decreased body weight 2-year rat feeding study American Cyanamid Co., 1975 No Observed Effect Level 25.0 mg/kg-day 0.08 mg/kg-day 300 1 Medium Medium Medium Threshold Chronic
139 Diflubenzuron 35367-38-5 Hematologic Methemoglobin and sulfhemoglobin formation One-year dog feeding study Duphar, 1985 No Observed Effect Level 2.0 mg/kg-day 0.02 mg/kg-day 100 1 High High High Threshold Chronic
140 Diisopropyl methylphosphonate (DIMP) 1445-75-6 Other No effects related to treatment 90-day dog feeding study U.S. DOD, 1980 No Observed Effect Level 75.0 mg/kg-day 0.08 mg/kg-day 1000 1 Low Low Low Threshold Chronic
141 Dimethipin 55290-64-7 Hepatic Increased absolute and relative liver weight 2-year rat feeding study Uniroyal Chemical Co., 1981a No Observed Effect Level 2.0 mg/kg-day 0.02 mg/kg-day 100 1 Medium High High Threshold Chronic
142 Dimethoate 60-51-5 Nervous Brain ChE inhibition 2-year rat feeding study American Cyanamid Co., 1986a No Observed Effect Level 0.05 mg/kg-day 0.0002 mg/kg-day 300 1 High Medium Medium Threshold Chronic
143 Dimethyl terephthalate (DMT) 120-61-6 Urinary Chronic kidney inflammation Rat chronic dietary study NCI, 1979 Lowest Observable Adverse Effect Level 125.0 mg/kg-day 0.1 mg/kg-day 1000 1 Medium Low Low Threshold Chronic
144 N-N-Dimethylaniline 121-69-7 Hematologic, Immune, Other Splenomegaly, increased splenic hemosiderosis and hematopoiesis Mouse subchronic gavage bioassay Abdo et al., 1984 Lowest Observable Adverse Effect Level 22.32 mg/kg-day 0.002 mg/kg-day 10000 1 Low Low Low Threshold Chronic
145 3,4-Dimethylphenol 95-65-8 Cardiovascular, Hepatic, Immune, Other, Urinary Changes in blood pressure and body weight histopathological changes in liver, kidney and spleen Rat oral 1-year study Veldre and Janes, 1979 No Observed Effect Level 1.4 mg/kg-day 0.001 mg/kg-day 1000 1 Medium Low Low Threshold Chronic
146 2,4-Dimethylphenol 105-67-9 Hematologic, Nervous Clinical signs (lethargy, prostration, and ataxia) and hematological changes Mouse subchronic oral gavage U.S. EPA, 1989 No Observable Adverse Effect Level 50.0 mg/kg-day 0.02 mg/kg-day 3000 1 Medium Low Low Threshold Chronic
147 2,6-Dimethylphenol 576-26-1 Hepatic, Immune, Other, Urinary Body weight changes and histopathological changes of internal organs (liver, spleen and kidneys) Rat subchronic toxicity study Veldre and Janes, 1979 No Observed Effect Level 0.6 mg/kg-day 0.0006 mg/kg-day 1000 1 Low Low Low Threshold Chronic
148 4,6-Dinitro-o-cyclohexyl phenol 131-89-5 Ocular Cataract formation Adult human subchronic oral study Horner, 1942 Lowest Observable Adverse Effect Level 2.0 mg/kg-day 0.002 mg/kg-day 1000 1 Low Low Low Threshold Chronic
149 m-Dinitrobenzene 99-65-0 Immune Increased splenic weight Rat subchronic oral study Cody et al., 1981 No Observable Adverse Effect Level 0.4 mg/kg-day 0.0001 mg/kg-day 3000 1 Medium Low Low Threshold Chronic
150 2,4-Dinitrophenol 51-28-5 Ocular Cataract formation Human chronic and subchronic exposures Horner, 1942 Lowest Observable Adverse Effect Level 2.0 mg/kg-day 0.002 mg/kg-day 1000 1 Low Low Low Threshold Chronic
151 2,4-Dinitrotoluene 121-14-2 Hematologic, Hepatic, Nervous Neurotoxicity, Heinz bodies and biliary tract hyperplasia Dog feeding study, 2-year Ellis et al., 1985 No Observable Adverse Effect Level 0.2 mg/kg-day 0.002 mg/kg-day 100 1 High High High Threshold Chronic
152 Dinoseb 88-85-7 Developmental Decreased fetal weight 3-generation rat reproduction study Dow Chemical Co., 1981a Lowest Effect Level 1.0 mg/kg-day 0.001 mg/kg-day 1000 1 Low Low Low Threshold Chronic
153 1,4-Dioxane 123-91-1 Hepatic, Urinary Liver and kidney toxicity Chronic oral male rat study Kociba et al. 1974 No Observable Adverse Effect Level 9.6 mg/kg-day 0.03 mg/kg-day 300 1 Medium Medium Medium Threshold Chronic
154 Diphenamid 957-51-7 Hepatic Liver toxicity 2-year dog feeding study Upjohn Co., 1966a No Observed Effect Level 3.0 mg/kg-day 0.03 mg/kg-day 100 1 Medium Medium Medium Threshold Chronic
155 Diphenylamine 122-39-4 Hepatic, Other, Urinary Decreased body weight gain, and increased liver and kidney weights 2-year dog feeding study Thomas et al., 1967 No Observed Effect Level 2.5 mg/kg-day 0.025 mg/kg-day 100 1 Medium Medium Medium Threshold Chronic
156 Diquat 2764-72-9 Ocular Minimal lens opacity and cataracts Chronic rat study, dietary Chevron Chemical, 1985 No Observed Effect Level 0.22 mg/kg-day 0.0022 mg/kg-day 100 1 High Medium Medium Threshold Chronic
157 Disulfoton 298-04-4 Nervous ChE inhibition, optic nerve degeneration 2-year rat study oral exposure (diet) Mobay Chemical, 1985 Lowest Effect Level 0.04 mg/kg-day 4e-05 mg/kg-day 1000 1 High Medium Medium Threshold Chronic
158 1,4-Dithiane 505-29-3 Nervous, Respiratory Nasal olfactory lesions 90-day gavage rat study Schieferstein et al., 1988 Lowest Observable Adverse Effect Level 105.0 mg/kg-day 0.01 mg/kg-day 10000 1 Low Low Low Threshold Chronic
159 Diuron 330-54-1 Hematologic Abnormal pigments in blood 2-year dog feeding study du Pont, 1964a No Observed Effect Level 0.625 mg/kg-day 0.002 mg/kg-day 300 1 Low Low Low Threshold Chronic
160 Dodine 2439-10-3 Endocrine Thyroid toxicity 1-year dog feeding study American Cyanamid, 1958 No Observed Effect Level 1.25 mg/kg-day 0.004 mg/kg-day 300 1 Low Low Low Threshold Chronic
161 Endosulfan 115-29-7 Cardiovascular, Other, Urinary Reduced body weight gain in males and females increased incidence of marked progressive glomerulonephrosis and blood vessel aneurysms in males 2-year rat feeding study (NOAEL for males) Hoechst Celanese Corp., 1989a No Observable Adverse Effect Level 0.6 mg/kg-day 0.006 mg/kg-day 100 1 Medium Medium Medium Threshold Chronic
162 Endothall 145-73-3 Gastrointestinal Increased absolute and relative weights of stomach and small intestine Two-year feeding study in dogs Pennwalt Agchem., 1965 No Observed Effect Level 2.0 mg/kg-day 0.02 mg/kg-day 100 1 Medium Medium Medium Threshold Chronic
163 Endrin 72-20-8 Hepatic, Nervous Mild histological lesions in liver, occasional convulsions Dog chronic oral bioassay Velsicol Chemical Corporation, 1969 No Observed Effect Level 0.025 mg/kg-day 0.0003 mg/kg-day 100 1 Medium Medium Medium Threshold Chronic
164 Ethephon 16672-87-0 Nervous Plasma ChE inhibition 16-day human study Union Carbide, 1977a Lowest Effect Level 0.5 mg/kg-day 0.005 mg/kg-day 100 1 Low Medium Low Threshold Chronic
165 Ethion 563-12-2 Nervous Plasma cholinesterase inhibition Cholinesterase inhibition study in humans FMC Corp., 1970 No Observed Effect Level 0.05 mg/kg-day 0.0005 mg/kg-day 100 1 Medium Medium Medium Threshold Chronic
166 Ethyl Tertiary Butyl Ether (ETBE) 637-92-3 Urinary Increased absolute kidney weight in female rats 2-year drinking water study in male and female F344 rats Suzuki et al., 2012; JPEC, 2010a Benchmark Dose based on the LED10 (Lowest Effective Dose) 28.8 mg/kg-day 1.0 mg/kg-day 30 1 High High High Benchmark Chronic
167 Ethyl acetate 141-78-6 Other Mortality and body weight loss Rat oral subchronic study U.S. EPA, 1986 No Observed Effect Level 900.0 mg/kg-day 0.9 mg/kg-day 1000 1 High Low Low Threshold Chronic
168 S-Ethyl dipropylthiocarbamate (EPTC) 759-94-4 Cardiovascular Degenerative cardiomyopathy 2-generation reproduction rat study PPG Industries, 1986a No Observed Effect Level 2.5 mg/kg-day 0.025 mg/kg-day 100 1 Medium Medium Medium Threshold Chronic
169 Ethyl ether 60-29-7 Other Depressed body weights Rat oral subchronic study U.S. EPA, 1986 No Observable Adverse Effect Level 500.0 mg/kg-day 0.2 mg/kg-day 3000 1 Medium Low Low Threshold Chronic
170 Ethyl p-nitrophenyl phenylphosphorothioate (EPN) 2104-64-5 Nervous Neurotoxicity 90-day hen delayed neurotoxicity bioassay Morabani, Nissan, duPont and Velsicol, 1982 No Observed Effect Level 0.01 mg/kg-day 1e-05 mg/kg-day 1000 1 High Medium Medium Threshold Chronic
171 Ethylbenzene 100-41-4 Hepatic, Urinary Liver and kidney toxicity Rat subchronic to chronic oral bioassay Wolf et al., 1956 No Observed Effect Level 97.1 mg/kg-day 0.1 mg/kg-day 1000 1 Low Low Low Threshold Chronic
172 Ethylene glycol 107-21-1 Urinary Kidney toxicity Chronic rat oral feeding study DePass et al., 1986a No Observable Adverse Effect Level 200.0 mg/kg-day 2.0 mg/kg-day 100 1 High High High Threshold Chronic
173 Ethylene glycol monobutyl ether (EGBE) (2-Butoxyethanol) 111-76-2 Hematologic Hemosiderin deposition in the liver Chronic (rat and mouse) inhalation study NTP (2000) Benchmark Dose based on the LED10 (Lowest Effective Dose) 1.4 mg/kg-day 0.1 mg/kg-day 10 1 High Medium/High Medium/High Threshold Chronic
174 Ethylene thiourea (ETU) 96-45-7 Endocrine Increased incidence of thyroid hyperplasia Rat 24-month feeding study Graham et al., 1975 Lowest Observable Adverse Effect Level 0.25 mg/kg-day 8e-05 mg/kg-day 3000 1 Medium Medium Medium Threshold Chronic
175 Ethylphthalyl ethylglycolate (EPEG) 84-72-0 Urinary Kidney damage and reduced lifespan Rat, chronic oral bioassay Hodge et al., 1953 No Observed Effect Level 250.0 mg/kg-day 3.0 mg/kg-day 100 1 Medium Low Low Threshold Chronic
176 Express 101200-48-0 Other, Urinary Elevated serum bilirubin and AST levels, increased urinary volume 1-year dog feeding study du Pont, 1986a No Observed Effect Level 0.79 mg/kg-day 0.008 mg/kg-day 100 1 High High High Threshold Chronic
177 Fenamiphos 22224-92-6 Nervous ChE inhibition 2-year dog feeding study Chemagro Corp., 1972a No Observed Effect Level 0.025 mg/kg-day 0.00025 mg/kg-day 100 1 High High High Threshold Chronic
178 Fluometuron 2164-17-2 Other No adverse effects 103-week rat feeding study NCI, 1980 No Observable Adverse Effect Level 12.5 mg/kg-day 0.013 mg/kg-day 1000 1 Low Low Low Threshold Chronic
179 Fluoranthene 206-44-0 Hepatic, Urinary Nephropathy, increased liver weights, hematological alterations, and clinical effects Mouse subchronic study U.S. EPA, 1988 No Observable Adverse Effect Level 125.0 mg/kg-day 0.04 mg/kg-day 3000 1 Medium Low Low Threshold Chronic
180 Fluorene 86-73-7 Hematologic Decreased RBC, packed cell volume and hemoglobin Mouse subchronic study U.S. EPA, 1989 No Observable Adverse Effect Level 125.0 mg/kg-day 0.04 mg/kg-day 3000 1 Medium Low Low Threshold Chronic
181 Fluorine (soluble fluoride) 7782-41-4 Gastrointestinal Objectionable dental fluorosis, a cosmetic effect Epidemiologic study in children Hodge, 1950, cited in Underwood, 1977 No Observable Adverse Effect Level 0.06 mg/kg-day 0.06 mg/kg-day 1 1 High High High Threshold Chronic
182 Fluridone 59756-60-4 Ocular, Other, Reproductive, Urinary Glomerulonephritis, atrophic testes, eye keratitis decreased body weight and organ weights 2-year rat feeding study Elanco Products, 1980a No Observed Effect Level 8.0 mg/kg-day 0.08 mg/kg-day 100 1 Medium High High Threshold Chronic
183 Flurprimidol 56425-91-3 Hepatic, Other Increased incidence of hepatocellular changes including fatty change and vacuolation (M) increased susceptibility to stress factors (F) 2-generation rat reproduction study Eli Lilly and Co., 1986a No Observed Effect Level 1.8 mg/kg-day 0.02 mg/kg-day 100 1 Medium High High Threshold Chronic
184 Flutolanil 66332-96-5 Hepatic, Other, Reproductive Decreased body weight and body weight gains in both doses increased liver weights at high dose 3-generation reproduction and teratology study in rats NOR-AM Chemical Co., 1982a Lowest Effect Level 63.7 mg/kg-day 0.06 mg/kg-day 1000 1 Low Medium Medium Threshold Chronic
185 Fluvalinate 69409-94-5 Dermal, Other Decreases in body weight gain increase in plantar ulcer (females) 2-year feeding/ oncogenicity study in rats Zoecon, 1984 No Observed Effect Level 1.0 mg/kg-day 0.01 mg/kg-day 100 1 High High High Threshold Chronic
186 Folpet 133-07-3 Hepatic, Other Decreased body weight gain, altered serum chemistry parameters (decreased serum cholesterol, total protein, and serum albumin and globulin levels) Chronic oral toxicity study in dogs Chevron Chemical, 1986 No Observed Effect Level 10.0 mg/kg-day 0.1 mg/kg-day 100 1 High High High Threshold Chronic
187 Fonofos 944-22-9 Hepatic, Nervous Cholinesterase inhibition, cholinergic symptoms, and increased liver weight 2-year dog feeding study Stauffer Chemical Co., 1969 No Observed Effect Level 0.2 mg/kg-day 0.002 mg/kg-day 100 1 Medium Medium Medium Threshold Chronic
188 Formaldehyde 50-00-0 Gastrointestinal, Other, Urinary Reduced weight gain, histopathology in rats Rat 2-year bioassay Til et al., 1989 No Observable Adverse Effect Level 15.0 mg/kg-day 0.2 mg/kg-day 100 1 High Medium Medium Threshold Chronic
189 Fosetyl-al 39148-24-8 Reproductive Slight testicular degeneration 2-year dog feeding study Rhone-Poulenc, 1981a No Observed Effect Level 250.0 mg/kg-day 3.0 mg/kg-day 100 1 Medium High High Threshold Chronic
190 Furan 110-00-9 Hepatic Hepatic lesions Mouse subchronic oral study NTP, 1982 No Observable Adverse Effect Level 1.4 mg/kg-day 0.001 mg/kg-day 1000 1 Medium Low Low Threshold Chronic
191 Furfural 98-01-1 Hepatic Mild hepatocellular vacuolization Rat oral subchronic study NTP, 1981a Lowest Observable Adverse Effect Level 7.9 mg/kg-day 0.003 mg/kg-day 3000 1 Low Low Low Threshold Chronic
192 Glufosinate-ammonium 77182-82-2 Urinary Increased absolute and relative kidney weights in males 13-week rat feeding study Hoescht AG, 1982a No Observed Effect Level 0.4 mg/kg-day 0.0004 mg/kg-day 1000 1 High Medium Medium Threshold Chronic
193 Glycidaldehyde 765-34-4 Endocrine, Hematologic, Other, Urinary Weight gain retardation, enlarged adrenals, hydropic renal pelvis and hematopoietic effects Rat subchronic inhalation study Hine et al., 1961 No Observable Adverse Effect Level 1.09 mg/kg-day 0.0004 mg/kg-day 3000 1 Low Low Low Threshold Chronic
194 Glyphosate 1071-83-6 Developmental, Urinary Increased incidence of renal tubular dilation in F3b offspring 3-generation rat reproduction study Monsanto Co., 1981a No Observed Effect Level 10.0 mg/kg-day 0.1 mg/kg-day 100 1 High High High Threshold Chronic
195 Haloxyfop-methyl 69806-40-2 Reproductive, Urinary Reduced relative kidney weights in F0, F1, and F2b adults; reduced fertility in the F1/F2b generation 3-generation rat reproduction study Dow Chemical U.S.A., 1985a No Observed Effect Level 0.005 mg/kg-day 5e-05 mg/kg-day 100 1 High High High Threshold Chronic
196 Harmony 79277-27-3 Other Reduced body weight gains in males, reduced serum sodium in males and females 2-year rat feeding study du Pont, 1986a No Observed Effect Level 1.25 mg/kg-day 0.013 mg/kg-day 100 1 Medium High High Threshold Chronic
197 Heptachlor 76-44-8 Hepatic Liver weight increases in males 2-year rat feeding study Velsicol Chemical, 1955a No Observed Effect Level 0.15 mg/kg-day 0.0005 mg/kg-day 300 1 Low Low Low Threshold Chronic
198 Heptachlor epoxide 1024-57-3 Hepatic Increased liver-to-body weight ratio in both males and females 60-week dog feeding study Dow Chemical Co., 1958 Lowest Effect Level 0.0125 mg/kg-day 1.3e-05 mg/kg-day 1000 1 Low Medium Low Threshold Chronic
199 Hexabromobenzene 87-82-1 Hepatic Induced serum carboxylesterase activity, increased relative liver weight, increased liver porphyrins Rat dietary subchronic study Mendoza et al., 1977 No Observable Adverse Effect Level 2.0 mg/kg-day 0.002 mg/kg-day 1000 1 Low Low Low Threshold Chronic
200 2,2',4,4',5,5'-Hexabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-153) 68631-49-2 Nervous Neurobehavioral effects Single dose gavage study in mice Viberg et al. 2003 No Observable Adverse Effect Level 0.45 mg/kg 0.0002 mg/kg-day 3000 1 Low Low Low Benchmark Chronic
201 Hexachlorobenzene 118-74-1 Hepatic Liver effects Rat chronic feeding study Arnold et al., 1985 No Observable Adverse Effect Level 0.08 mg/kg-day 0.0008 mg/kg-day 100 1 Medium High Medium Threshold Chronic
202 gamma-Hexachlorocyclohexane (gamma-HCH) 58-89-9 Hepatic, Urinary Liver and kidney toxicity Rat, subchronic oral bioassay (NOAEL for females) Zoecon Corp., 1983 No Observable Adverse Effect Level 0.33 mg/kg-day 0.0003 mg/kg-day 1000 1 Medium Medium Medium Threshold Chronic
203 Hexachlorocyclopentadiene (HCCPD) 77-47-4 Gastrointestinal Chronic irritation Rat subchronic gavage bioassay Abdo et al., 1984 Benchmark Dose based on the LED10 (Lowest Effective Dose) 6.0 mg/kg-day 0.006 mg/kg-day 1000 1 Medium Low Low Threshold Chronic
204 Hexachloroethane 67-72-1 Urinary Atrophy and degeneration of renal tubules 16-week subchronic dietary exposure study, male F344 rats Gorzinski et al., 1985 Benchmark Dose based on the LED10 (Lowest Effective Dose) 0.728 mg/kg-day 0.0007 mg/kg-day 1000 1 High Low/Medium Low/Medium Threshold Chronic
205 Hexachlorophene 70-30-4 Gastrointestinal, Nervous Swollen salivary glands, status spongiosis in brain and optic nerve 13-week dog feeding study Nationwide Chemical Corp., 1974 Lowest Effect Level 0.75 mg/kg-day 0.0003 mg/kg-day 3000 1 Medium Medium Medium Threshold Chronic
206 Hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX) 121-82-4 Nervous Convulsions in F344 rats 90-day oral gavage study in F344 rats Crouse et al., 2006 Benchmark Dose based on the LED10 (Lowest Effective Dose) 1.3 mg/kg-day 0.004 mg/kg-day 300 1 Medium None Medium Benchmark Chronic
207 Hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX) 121-82-4 Urinary Kidney medullary papillary necrosis in F344 rats 2-year rat feeding study Levine et al., 1983 No Observable Adverse Effect Level 3.9 mg/kg-day 0.01 mg/kg-day 300 1 Medium Medium Medium Threshold Chronic
208 Hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX) 121-82-4 Reproductive Suppurative prostatitis in F344 rats 2-year rat feeding study Levine et al., 1983 Benchmark Dose based on the LED10 (Lowest Effective Dose) 0.23 mg/kg-day 0.0008 mg/kg-day 300 1 Low Low Low Benchmark Chronic
209 2-Hexanone 591-78-6 Nervous Axonal swelling of the peripheral nerve 13-Month drinking water study in rats O'Donoghue et al., 1978 Benchmark Dose based on the LED10 (Lowest Effective Dose) 5.0 mg/kg-day 0.005 mg/kg-day 1000 1 Medium Low/Medium Medium Benchmark Chronic
210 Hexazinone 51235-04-2 Other Decreased body weight 2-year rat feeding study du Pont, 1977 No Observed Effect Level 10.0 mg/kg-day 0.033 mg/kg-day 300 1 Medium Medium Medium Threshold Chronic
211 Hydrogen Cyanide and Cyanide Salts Various Reproductive Decreased cauda epididymis weight in male F344/N rats 13-Week drinking water study NTP, 1993 Benchmark Dose based on the LED10 (Lowest Effective Dose) 1.9 mg/kg-day 0.0006 mg/kg-day 3000 1 Medium Low/Medium Low/Medium Benchmark Chronic
212 Imazalil 35554-44-0 Other Decreased body weight gain 2-year dog feeding study Penwalt Corp., 1977 No Observed Effect Level 1.25 mg/kg-day 0.013 mg/kg-day 100 1 Medium Medium Medium Threshold Chronic
213 Imazaquin 81335-37-7 Hematologic, Hepatic, Immune, Other Decreased body weight gain, skeletal myopathy, slight anemia, bone marrow hyperplasia, elevated serum SGOT, SGPT, CPK One-year dog feeding study American Cyanamid, 1984a No Observed Effect Level 25.0 mg/kg-day 0.25 mg/kg-day 100 1 High High High Threshold Chronic
214 Iprodione 36734-19-7 Hematologic, Reproductive Increased RBC Heinz bodies; decreased prostate weight 1-year dog feeding study Rhone-Poulenc, 1984 No Observed Effect Level 4.2 mg/kg-day 0.04 mg/kg-day 100 1 Medium High High Threshold Chronic
215 Isobutyl alcohol 78-83-1 Nervous Hypoactivity and ataxia Rat oral subchronic study U.S. EPA, 1986 No Observed Effect Level 316.0 mg/kg-day 0.3 mg/kg-day 1000 1 Medium Low Low Threshold Chronic
216 Isophorone 78-59-1 Urinary Kidney pathology 90-day dog feeding study Nor-Am Agricultural Products, Inc., 1972a No Observed Effect Level 150.0 mg/kg-day 0.2 mg/kg-day 1000 1 Medium Low Low Threshold Chronic
217 Isopropalin 33820-53-0 Hematologic, Other Reduced hemoglobin concentration, lowered hematocrits, and altered organ weights 90-day rat feeding study Elanco Products, 1969a No Observed Effect Level 15.0 mg/kg-day 0.015 mg/kg-day 1000 1 Medium Low Low Threshold Chronic
218 Isopropyl methyl phosphonic acid (IMPA) 1832-54-8 Other No adverse effects observed Rat drinking water study 90-day Mecler, 1981 No Observable Adverse Effect Level 279.0 mg/kg-day 0.1 mg/kg-day 3000 1 Medium Low Low Threshold Chronic
219 Isoxaben 82558-50-7 Cardiovascular, Hepatic, Urinary Increased BUN; decreased serum AP and AST; decreased food consumption efficiency; increased heart/body weight 2-year rat feeding study (NOEL for males) Elanco Products, 1985a No Observed Effect Level 5.0 mg/kg-day 0.05 mg/kg-day 100 1 High High High Threshold Chronic
220 Lactofen 77501-63-4 Hepatic Increased absolute and relative liver weight; hepatocytomegaly in males 78-week oncogenic study in mice PPG Industries, 1985a Lowest Effect Level 1.5 mg/kg-day 0.002 mg/kg-day 1000 1 High High High Threshold Chronic
221 Linuron 330-55-2 Hematologic Abnormal blood pigment 2-year dog feeding study du Pont, 1962 Lowest Effect Level 0.625 mg/kg-day 0.002 mg/kg-day 300 1 Medium High High Threshold Chronic
222 Londax 83055-99-6 Hepatic Liver effects 1-year dog feeding study (NOEL for females) du Pont, 1986a No Observed Effect Level 19.9 mg/kg-day 0.2 mg/kg-day 100 1 High High High Threshold Chronic
223 Malathion 121-75-5 Nervous RBC ChE depression Subchronic human feeding study Moeller and Rider, 1962 No Observed Effect Level 0.23 mg/kg-day 0.02 mg/kg-day 10 1 Medium Medium Medium Threshold Chronic
224 Maleic anhydride 108-31-6 Urinary Renal lesions Rat oral chronic study U.S. EPA, 1983 No Observable Adverse Effect Level 10.0 mg/kg-day 0.1 mg/kg-day 100 1 Medium Medium Medium Threshold Chronic
225 Maleic hydrazide 123-33-1 Urinary Renal dysfunction 2-year rat feeding study Uniroyal Chemical Co., 1981 Lowest Effect Level 500.0 mg/kg-day 0.5 mg/kg-day 1000 1 Low Medium Medium Threshold Chronic
226 Maneb 12427-38-2 Endocrine Increased thyroid weight 6-month monkey feeding study Rohm and Haas Co., 1977; Maneb Task Force, 1986 No Observed Effect Level 5.0 mg/kg-day 0.005 mg/kg-day 1000 1 Medium Low Low Threshold Chronic
227 Manganese 7439-96-5 Nervous CNS effects Human chronic ingestion data NRC, 1989; Freeland- Graves et al., 1987; WHO, 1973 No Observable Adverse Effect Level 0.14 mg/kg-day 0.14 mg/kg-day 1 1 Medium Medium Medium Threshold Chronic
228 Mepiquat chloride 24307-26-4 Hematologic, Nervous, Other Sedation and tonoclonic spasms decreased food intake and body weights hematologic effects 90-day dog feeding study BASF Wyandotte Chemical, 1977a No Observed Effect Level 25.0 mg/kg-day 0.03 mg/kg-day 1000 1 High Medium Medium Threshold Chronic
229 Mercuric chloride (HgCl2) 7487-94-7 Immune, Urinary Autoimmune effects (autoimmune glomerulonephritis) Rat subchronic feeding and subcutaneous studies U.S. EPA, 1987 Lowest Observable Adverse Effect Level 0.317 mg/kg-day 0.0003 mg/kg-day 1000 1 Not Available High High Threshold Chronic
230 Merphos 150-50-5 Nervous, Other Ataxia, delayed neurotoxicity and weight loss 90-day hen delayed neurotoxicity study Abou-Donia et al., 1980 No Observed Effect Level 0.1 mg/kg-day 3e-05 mg/kg-day 3000 1 Low Low Low Threshold Chronic
231 Merphos oxide 78-48-8 Nervous, Other Ataxia, delayed neurotoxicity and weight loss 90-day hen delayed neurotoxicity study Abou-Donia et al., 1979 No Observed Effect Level 0.1 mg/kg-day 3e-05 mg/kg-day 3000 1 Low Low Low Threshold Chronic
232 Metalaxyl 57837-19-1 Hepatic Increased serum alkaline phosphatase levels and increased liver-to-brain weight ratio 6-month dog feeding study Ciba-Geigy, 1981a No Observed Effect Level 6.25 mg/kg-day 0.06 mg/kg-day 100 1 Medium High High Threshold Chronic
233 Methacrylonitrile 126-98-7 Hepatic Increased SGOT and SGPT levels Dog subchronic study Pozzani et al., 1968 No Observable Adverse Effect Level 0.34 mg/kg-day 0.0001 mg/kg-day 3000 1 Low Low Low Threshold Chronic
234 Methamidophos 10265-92-6 Nervous ChE inhibition One-year dog feeding study Mobay Chemical, 1984a Lowest Effect Level 0.05 mg/kg-day 5e-05 mg/kg-day 1000 1 High Medium Medium Threshold Chronic
235 Methanol 67-56-1 Developmental Extra cervical ribs CD-1 mice, Inhalation developmental toxicity study exposure during gestation days GD7-GD17 Rogers et al. (1993b) Benchmark Dose based on the LED10 (Lowest Effective Dose) 43.1 mg/L 2.0 mg/kg-day 100 1 High Medium Medium/High None Chronic
236 Methidathion 950-37-8 Hepatic Liver toxicity 2-year dog feeding study Ciba-Geigy, 1967 No Observed Effect Level 0.1 mg/kg-day 0.001 mg/kg-day 100 1 Medium High High Threshold Chronic
237 Methomyl 16752-77-5 Immune, Urinary Kidney and spleen pathology 2-year feeding study dogs du Pont, 1968a No Observed Effect Level 2.5 mg/kg-day 0.025 mg/kg-day 100 1 Medium High High Threshold Chronic
238 Methoxychlor 72-43-5 Developmental Excessive loss of litters Rabbit teratology study Kincaid Enterprises, 1986 No Observed Effect Level 5.01 mg/kg-day 0.005 mg/kg-day 1000 1 Low Low Low Threshold Chronic
239 Methyl ethyl ketone (MEK) 78-93-3 Developmental Decreased pup body weight Multigeneration reproductive developmental rat drinking water study Cox et al., 1975 Lowest Effect Dose 639.0 mg/kg-day 0.6 mg/kg-day 1000 1 Low/Medium Low Low Threshold Chronic
240 Methyl methacrylate 80-62-6 Other None Rat drinking water study Borzelleca et al., 1964 No Observable Adverse Effect Level 136.0 mg/kg-day 1.4 mg/kg-day 100 1 Low/Medium Low/Medium Low/Medium Threshold Chronic
241 Methyl parathion 298-00-0 Hematologic, Nervous RBC, ChE inhibition; reduced hemoglobin, hematocrit and RBCs 2-year rat feeding study Monsanto Co., 1984 No Observed Effect Level 0.025 mg/kg-day 0.00025 mg/kg-day 100 1 Medium Medium Medium Threshold Chronic
242 4-(2-Methyl-4-chlorophenoxy) butyric acid (MCPB) 94-81-5 Hepatic, Other, Reproductive, Urinary Male reproductive toxicity and other effects (including decreased body weight gain), increased liver and kidney weights 13-week dog feeding study Rhodia, Inc., 1970a No Observed Effect Level 12.0 mg/kg-day 0.01 mg/kg-day 1000 1 Medium Low Low Threshold Chronic
243 2-(2-Methyl-4-chlorophenoxy)propionic acid (MCPP) 93-65-2 Urinary Increased absolute and relative kidney weights 90-day rat feeding study BASF Aktiegesellschaft, 1985 No Observed Effect Level 3.0 mg/kg-day 0.001 mg/kg-day 3000 1 Medium Medium Medium Threshold Chronic
244 2-Methyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid (MCPA) 94-74-6 Hepatic, Urinary Kidney and liver toxicity 1-year dog feeding study Industry Task Force on MCPA, 1986a No Observed Effect Level 0.15 mg/kg-day 0.0005 mg/kg-day 300 1 High Medium Medium Threshold Chronic
245 Methylmercury (MeHg) 22967-92-6 Developmental, Nervous Developmental neuropsychological impairment Human epidemiological studies Grandjean et al., 1997 Budtz-Jorgensen et al., 1999a Benchmark Dose based on the LED10 (Lowest Effective Dose) 0.00086 mg/kg-day 0.0001 mg/kg-day 10 1 High High High None Chronic
246 Methylmercury (MeHg) 22967-92-6 Developmental, Nervous Developmental neuropsychological impairment Human epidemiological studies Grandjean et al., 1997 Budtz-Jorgensen et al., 1999a Benchmark Dose based on the LED10 (Lowest Effective Dose) 0.0015 mg/kg-day 0.0001 mg/kg-day 10 1 High High High None Chronic
247 2-Methylnaphthalene 91-57-6 Respiratory Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis B6C3F1 male and female mice 81-week dietary study Murata et al. (1997) Benchmark Dose 4.7 mg/kg-day 0.004 mg/kg-day 1000 1 Medium Low Low Threshold Chronic
248 2-Methylphenol 95-48-7 Nervous, Other Decreased body weights and neurotoxicity 90-day oral subchronic neurotoxicity study in rats U.S. EPA, 1986, 1987 No Observable Adverse Effect Level 50.0 mg/kg-day 0.05 mg/kg-day 1000 1 High Medium Medium Threshold Chronic
249 3-Methylphenol 108-39-4 Nervous Decreased body weights and neurotoxicity 90-day oral subchronic neurotoxicity study in rats U.S. EPA, 1986, 1987 No Observable Adverse Effect Level 50.0 mg/kg-day 0.05 mg/kg-day 1000 1 High Medium Medium Threshold Chronic
250 Metolachlor 51218-45-2 Other, Reproductive Decreased body weight gain, decreased pup weight and parental food consumption 2-year rat feeding study Ciba-Geigy, 1983 No Observed Effect Level 15.0 mg/kg-day 0.15 mg/kg-day 100 1 Medium High High Threshold Chronic
251 Metribuzin 21087-64-9 Hepatic, Other, Urinary Liver and kidney effects, decreased body weight, mortality 2-year feeding study in dogs Mobay Chemical, 1974a No Observed Effect Level 2.5 mg/kg-day 0.025 mg/kg-day 100 1 High Medium Medium Threshold Chronic
252 Mirex 2385-85-5 Endocrine, Hepatic Liver cytomegaly, fatty metamorphosis, angiectasis; thyroid cystic follicles Rat chronic dietary feeding study NTP, 1990 No Observable Adverse Effect Level 0.07 mg/kg-day 0.0002 mg/kg-day 300 1 High High High Threshold Chronic
253 Molinate 2212-67-1 Reproductive Reproductive toxicity Rat fertility study (gavage) Stauffer Chemical Co., 1981 No Observed Effect Level 0.2 mg/kg-day 0.002 mg/kg-day 100 1 Medium Low Low Threshold Chronic
254 Molybdenum 7439-98-7 Urinary Increased uric acid levels Human 6-year to lifetime dietary exposure study Koval'skiy et al., 1961 Lowest Observable Adverse Effect Level 0.14 mg/kg-day 0.005 mg/kg-day 30 1 Medium Medium Medium Threshold Chronic
255 Monochloramine 10599-90-3 Other No observed effects Rat chronic oral study NTP, 1992 No Observable Adverse Effect Level 9.5 mg/kg-day 0.1 mg/kg-day 100 1 High Medium Medium Threshold Chronic
256 Naled 300-76-5 Nervous Brain ChE inhibition 2-year rat study, dietary Chevron Chemical Co., 1984a No Observed Effect Level 0.2 mg/kg-day 0.002 mg/kg-day 100 1 Medium Medium Medium Threshold Chronic
257 Naphthalene 91-20-3 Other Decreased mean terminal body weight in males Subchronic oral rat study BCL, 1980a No Observable Adverse Effect Level 71.0 mg/kg-day 0.02 mg/kg-day 3000 1 High Low Low Threshold Chronic
258 Napropamide 15299-99-7 Reproductive Decreased body weight gain in parental animals and pups 3-generation rat reproduction study Stauffer Chemical Co., 1978a No Observed Effect Level 30.0 mg/kg-day 0.1 mg/kg-day 300 1 Medium Medium Medium Threshold Chronic
259 Nickel, soluble salts Various Other Decreased body and organ weights Rat chronic oral study Ambrose et al., 1976 No Observable Adverse Effect Level 5.0 mg/kg-day 0.02 mg/kg-day 300 1 Low Medium Medium Threshold Chronic
260 Nitrate 14797-55-8 Hematologic Early clinical signs of methemoglobinemia in excess of 10% (0-3 months old infants formula) Human epidemiological surveys Bosch et al., 1950; Walton, 1951 No Observable Adverse Effect Level 1.6 mg/kg-day 1.6 mg/kg-day 1 1 High High High Threshold Chronic
261 Nitrite 14797-65-0 Hematologic Methemoglobinemia Infant chronic exposure to drinking water Walton, 1951 No Observed Effect Level 1.0 mg/kg-day 0.1 mg/kg-day 1 10 High High High Threshold Chronic
262 Nitrobenzene 98-95-3 Hematologic Increased methemoglobin levels Subchronic rat study NTP, 1983 Benchmark Dose based on the LED10 (Lowest Effective Dose) 1.8 mg/kg-day 0.002 mg/kg-day 1000 1 High Medium Medium Threshold Chronic
263 Nitroguanidine 556-88-7 Developmental, Other Reduced weight gain in female rats, maternal/ fetal toxicity in rats, and equivocal evidence of developmental toxicity in rabbits 90-day rat study oral exposure (diet) Morgan et al., 1988 Coppes et al., 1988a, b No Observable Adverse Effect Level 316.0 mg/kg-day 0.1 mg/kg-day 3000 1 Medium Medium Medium Threshold Chronic
264 Norflurazon 27314-13-2 Endocrine, Hepatic Liver and thyroid effects 6-month dog feeding study Sandoz-Wander, 1973 No Observed Effect Level 3.75 mg/kg-day 0.04 mg/kg-day 100 1 High High High Threshold Chronic
265 NuStar 85509-19-9 Hepatic Liver cell enlargement 1-year dog feeding study du Pont, 1985 No Observed Effect Level 0.2 mg/kg-day 0.0007 mg/kg-day 300 1 High Medium Medium Threshold Chronic
266 Octabromodiphenyl ether 32536-52-0 Hepatic Induction of hepatic enzymes; liver histopathology Subchronic, rat, oral (gavage) Carlson, 1980 No Observable Adverse Effect Level 2.51 mg/kg-day 0.003 mg/kg-day 1000 1 Low Low Low Threshold Chronic
267 Octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine (HMX) 2691-41-0 Hepatic Hepatic lesions 13-week rat feeding study U.S. DOD, 1985a No Observable Adverse Effect Level 50.0 mg/kg-day 0.05 mg/kg-day 1000 1 Medium Low Low Threshold Chronic
268 Oryzalin 19044-88-3 Endocrine, Hepatic, Urinary Increases in serum cholesterol, alkaline phosphatase, and relative liver and kidney weights, and decreases in alanine transaminase and adrenal weights 1-year dog feeding study Eli Lilly Co., 1986 No Observed Effect Level 5.0 mg/kg-day 0.05 mg/kg-day 100 1 Medium High High Threshold Chronic
269 Oxadiazon 19666-30-9 Hematologic, Hepatic Increased levels of serum proteins and increased liver weights 2-year rat feeding study Rhone-Poulenc, 1981 No Observed Effect Level 0.5 mg/kg-day 0.005 mg/kg-day 100 1 High Medium Medium Threshold Chronic
270 Oxamyl 23135-22-0 Other Decreased body weight gain and food consumption 2-year rat feeding/ oncogenic study du Pont, 1972a No Observed Effect Level 2.5 mg/kg-day 0.025 mg/kg-day 100 1 Low Medium Medium Threshold Chronic
271 Oxyfluorfen 42874-03-3 Hepatic Increased absolute liver weight and nonneoplastic lesions 20-month mouse feeding study Rohm & Haas, 1977a No Observed Effect Level 0.3 mg/kg-day 0.003 mg/kg-day 100 1 High High High Threshold Chronic
272 Paclobutrazol 76738-62-0 Hepatic Elevated liver weights, serum cholesterol, hepatic aminopyrine N-demethylase activity, and alanine transaminase levels 90-day rat feeding study ICI Americas, Inc., 1983a No Observed Effect Level 12.5 mg/kg-day 0.013 mg/kg-day 1000 1 Medium Medium Medium Threshold Chronic
273 Paraquat 1910-42-5 Respiratory Chronic pneumonitis 1-year dog feeding study Chevron Chemical Company, 1983a No Observed Effect Level 0.45 mg/kg-day 0.0045 mg/kg-day 100 1 High High High Threshold Chronic
274 Pendimethalin 40487-42-1 Hepatic Increase in serum alkaline phosphatase and liver weight, and hepatic lesions 2-year dog feeding study American Cyanamid, 1979 No Observed Effect Level 12.5 mg/kg-day 0.04 mg/kg-day 300 1 Medium Medium Medium Threshold Chronic
275 Pentabromodiphenyl ether 32534-81-9 Hepatic Induction of hepatic enzymes Subchronic, rat, oral (gavage) Carlson, 1980 No Observable Adverse Effect Level 1.77 mg/kg-day 0.002 mg/kg-day 1000 1 Low Low Low Threshold Chronic
276 2,2',4,4',5-Pentabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-99) 60348-60-9 Nervous Neurobehavioral effects Single dose gavage study in mice Viberg et al. (2004a) Benchmark Dose based on the LED10 (Lowest Effective Dose) 0.29 mg/kg 0.0001 mg/kg-day 3000 1 Low Low Low Benchmark Chronic
277 Pentachlorobenzene 608-93-5 Hepatic, Urinary Liver and kidney toxicity Subchronic rat oral bioassay (including weanlings) Linder et al., 1980 Lowest Observable Adverse Effect Level 8.3 mg/kg-day 0.0008 mg/kg-day 10000 1 Medium Low Low Threshold Chronic
278 Pentachloronitrobenzene (PCNB) 82-68-8 Hepatic Liver toxicity 2-year dog feeding study Olin Mathieson Corp., 1968a No Observed Effect Level 0.75 mg/kg-day 0.003 mg/kg-day 300 1 Medium Medium Medium Threshold Chronic
279 Pentachlorophenol 87-86-5 Hepatic Hepatotoxicity 1-Year beagle dog study Mecler, 1996 Lowest Observable Adverse Effect Level 1.5 mg/kg-day 0.005 mg/kg-day 300 1 Medium High Medium Threshold Chronic
280 Perchlorate (ClO4) and Perchlorate Salts 7790-98-9 Endocrine Radioactive iodide uptake inhibition (RAIU) in the thyroid Adult human volunteers Greer et al. (2002) No Observed Effect Level 0.007 mg/kg-day 0.0007 mg/kg-day 10 1 Medium/High Medium High Threshold Chronic
281 Perfluorobutanoic Acid (PFBA) 375-22-4 Developmental Developmental delays Gestational oral gavage study in female CD-1 mice DAS, 2008 Benchmark Dose based on the LED10 (Lowest Effective Dose) 0.62 mg/kg-day 0.006 mg/kg-day 100 1 High Medium Low/Medium Benchmark Subchronic
282 Perfluorobutanoic Acid (PFBA) 375-22-4 Hepatic Increased hepatocellular hypertrophy 90-day oral gavage study in male Sprague-Dawley rats BUTENHOFF, 2012 No Observable Adverse Effect Level 1.27 mg/kg-day 0.001 mg/kg-day 1000 1 High Medium Medium Threshold Chronic
283 Perfluorobutanoic Acid (PFBA) 375-22-4 Developmental Developmental delays Gestational oral gavage study in female CD-1 mice DAS, 2008 Benchmark Dose based on the LED10 (Lowest Effective Dose) 0.62 mg/kg-day 0.006 mg/kg-day 100 1 High Medium Low/Medium Benchmark Chronic
284 Perfluorobutanoic Acid (PFBA) 375-22-4 Hepatic Increased hepatocellular hypertrophy 90-day oral gavage study in male Sprague-Dawley rats BUTENHOFF, 2012 No Observable Adverse Effect Level 1.27 mg/kg-day 0.01 mg/kg-day 100 1 High Medium Medium Threshold Subchronic
285 Perfluorobutanoic Acid (PFBA) 375-22-4 Endocrine, Hepatic Increased hepatocellular hypertrophy (Liver), Decreased total T4 (Thyroid) 90-day oral gavage study in male Sprague-Dawley rats BUTENHOFF, 2012 No Observable Adverse Effect Level 1.27 mg/kg-day 0.001 mg/kg-day 1000 1 High Medium Medium Threshold Chronic
286 Perfluorobutanoic Acid (PFBA) 375-22-4 Developmental Developmental delays Gestational oral gavage study in female CD-1 mice DAS, 2008 Benchmark Dose based on the LED10 (Lowest Effective Dose) 0.62 mg/kg-day 0.006 mg/kg-day 100 1 High Medium Low/Medium Benchmark Subchronic
287 Perfluorobutanoic Acid (PFBA) 375-22-4 Endocrine Decreased total T4 90-day oral gavage study in male Sprague-Dawley rats BUTENHOFF, 2012 No Observable Adverse Effect Level 1.27 mg/kg-day 0.01 mg/kg-day 100 1 High Medium Low/Medium Threshold Subchronic
288 Perfluorodecanoic Acid (PFDA) 335-76-2 Reproductive Decreased absolute whole epididymis weight in SD rats (Male Reproductive). None NTP, 2018 Benchmark Dose based on the LED10 (Lowest Effective Dose) 0.00277 mg/kg-day 3e-06 mg/kg-day 1000 None None None Medium-Low None Subchronic
289 Perfluorodecanoic Acid (PFDA) 335-76-2 Reproductive Increased number of days spent in diestrus in SD rats (Female Reproductive). None NTP, 2018 Benchmark Dose based on the LED10 (Lowest Effective Dose) 0.00112 mg/kg-day 1e-06 mg/kg-day 1000 None None None Medium-Low None Subchronic
290 Perfluorodecanoic Acid (PFDA) 335-76-2 Hepatic Increased relative Liver weight in SD female rats None NTP, 2018 Benchmark Dose based on the LED10 (Lowest Effective Dose) 0.000592 mg/kg-day 6e-07 mg/kg-day 1000 None None None Medium None Subchronic
291 Perfluorodecanoic Acid (PFDA) 335-76-2 Developmental Decreased birth weight in male and female children. None Wikstrom et al., 2020. Benchmark Dose based on the LED10 (Lowest Effective Dose) 5.44e-08 mg/kg-day 2e-09 mg/kg-day 30 None None None Medium-Low None Subchronic
292 Perfluorodecanoic Acid (PFDA) 335-76-2 Developmental Decreased birth weight in male and female children. None Wikstrom et al., 2020. Benchmark Dose based on the LED10 (Lowest Effective Dose) 5.44e-08 mg/kg-day 2e-09 mg/kg-day 30 None None None Medium-Low None Chronic
293 Perfluorodecanoic Acid (PFDA) 335-76-2 Immune Decreased serum antibody concentrations for both tetanus and diphtheria in children at age 7 yr and PFDA measured at age 5 yr Birth cohort study of children in the Faroe Islands Grandjean et al. 2012; Jorgensen and Grandjean, 2018a. Benchmark Dose based on the LED10 (Lowest Effective Dose) 6.04e-08 mg/kg-day 2e-09 mg/kg-day 30 1 Medium Low/Medium Medium Threshold Subchronic
294 Perfluorodecanoic Acid (PFDA) 335-76-2 Immune Decreased serum antibody concentrations for tetanus and diphtheria in children at age 7 yr and PFDA measured at age 5 yr. Birth cohort study of children in the Faroe Islands Grandjean et al. 2012; Budtz-Jorgensen and Grandjean, 2018a Benchmark Dose based on the LED10 (Lowest Effective Dose) 6.04e-08 mg/kg-day 2e-09 mg/kg-day 30 1 Medium Low/Medium Medium Threshold Chronic
295 Perfluorohexanesulfonic Acid (PFHxS) 355-46-4 Developmental, Immune Decreased serum anti-tetanus antibody concentration in children at age 7 yrs (Grandjean et al., 2012; Budtz-Jorgensen and Grandjean, 2018) None Grandjean et al., 2012; Budtz-Jorgensen and Grandjean, 2018 Benchmark Dose based on the LED10 (Lowest Effective Dose) 1.16e-08 mg/kg-day 4e-10 mg/kg-day 30 None None None Medium None Chronic
296 Perfluorohexanesulfonic Acid (PFHxS) 355-46-4 Endocrine Decreasedserum total T4 levels in F1 Wistar rats (Ramhoj et al., 2018) None Ramhoj et al., 2018 No Observable Adverse Effect Level 2.45e-05 mg/kg-day 2e-07 mg/kg-day 100 None None None Medium None Chronic
297 Perfluorohexanesulfonic Acid (PFHxS) 355-46-4 Developmental, Immune Decreased serum anti-tetanus antibody concentration in children at age 7 yrs (Grandjean et al., 2012; Budtz-Jorgensen and Grandjean, 2018) None None Benchmark Dose based on the LED10 (Lowest Effective Dose) 1.16e-08 mg/kg-day 4e-10 mg/kg-day 30 None None None Medium None Subchronic
298 Perfluorohexanesulfonic Acid (PFHxS) 355-46-4 Endocrine Decreased serum total T4 levels in F1 Wistar rats (Ramhoj et al., 2018) None None No Observable Adverse Effect Level 2.45e-05 mg/kg-day 2e-07 mg/kg-day 100 None None None Medium None Subchronic
299 Perfluorohexanoic Acid (PFHxA) 307-24-4 Hematologic Decreased red blood cells in adult female Crl:CD Sprague‑Dawley rats 90 day gavage study in male and female Sprague-Dawley rats Chengelis, 2009 Benchmark Dose 0.078 mg/kg-day 0.0008 mg/kg-day 100 1 High Low/Medium Low/Medium Benchmark Subchronic
300 Perfluorohexanoic Acid (PFHxA) 307-24-4 Endocrine Decreased total T4 in adult male Harlan Sprague-Dawley rats 28 day gavage study in male and female Harlan Sprague-Dawley rats NTP, 2018 Benchmark Dose 0.029 mg/kg-day 0.001 mg/kg-day 300 1 High Medium Medium Benchmark Subchronic
301 Perfluorohexanoic Acid (PFHxA) 307-24-4 Hepatic Increased hepatocellular hypertrophy in adult rats Increased hepatocellular hypertrophy in adult male Crl:CD Sprague‑Dawley rats Loveless, 2009 Benchmark Dose 0.11 mg/kg-day 0.001 mg/kg-day 100 1 High Medium Medium Benchmark Subchronic
302 Perfluorohexanoic Acid (PFHxA) 307-24-4 Developmental Decreased postnatal (PND 0) body weight in F1 Sprague‑Dawley male and female rats One-generation reproductive gavage study in Sprague-Dawley rats Loveless, 2009 Benchmark Dose 0.048 mg/kg-day 0.0005 mg/kg-day 100 1 High Medium Medium Benchmark Subchronic
303 Perfluorohexanoic Acid (PFHxA) 307-24-4 Hematologic Decreased red blood cells in adult female Crl:CD Sprague‑Dawley rats 2 year cancer gavage bioassay in male and female Sprague-Dawley rats Klaunig, 2015 Benchmark Dose 0.52 mg/kg-day 0.005 mg/kg-day 100 1 High Medium Medium Benchmark Chronic
304 Perfluorohexanoic Acid (PFHxA) 307-24-4 Hepatic Increased hepatocellular hypertrophy in adult male Crl:CD Sprague‑Dawley rats 90-day oral gavage study in male and female Sprague-Dawley rats Loveless, 2009 Benchmark Dose 0.11 mg/kg-day 0.0004 mg/kg-day 300 1 High Medium Medium Benchmark Chronic
305 Perfluorohexanoic Acid (PFHxA) 307-24-4 Developmental Decreased postnatal (PND 0) body weight in F1 Sprague‑Dawley male and female rats One-generation reproductive gavage study in Sprague-Dawley rats Loveless, 2009 Benchmark Dose 0.048 mg/kg-day 0.0005 mg/kg-day 100 1 High Medium Medium Benchmark Chronic
306 Permethrin 52645-53-1 Hepatic Increased liver weights 2-year rat feeding study FMC Corp., 1977 No Observed Effect Level 5.0 mg/kg-day 0.05 mg/kg-day 100 1 High High High Threshold Chronic
307 Phenmedipham 13684-63-4 Other No adverse effects 2-year rat feeding/ carcinogenicity study Nor-Am Agricultural Products, Inc., 1980a No Observable Adverse Effect Level 25.0 mg/kg-day 0.25 mg/kg-day 100 1 Medium Medium Medium Threshold Chronic
308 Phenol 108-95-2 Other Decreased maternal weight gain Rat developmental study Argus Research Laboratories, 1997 Benchmark Dose based on the LED10 (Lowest Effective Dose) 93.0 mg/kg-day 0.3 mg/kg-day 300 1 Medium Medium/High Medium/High Threshold Chronic
309 m-Phenylenediamine 108-45-2 Hepatic Increased relative and absolute liver weights and degenerative liver lesions Rat oral subchronic study Hofer et al., 1982 No Observed Effect Level 6.0 mg/kg-day 0.006 mg/kg-day 1000 1 Medium Low Low Threshold Chronic
310 Phenylmercuric acetate 62-38-4 Urinary Renal damage Rat oral chronic study Fitzhugh et al., 1950 No Observable Adverse Effect Level 0.0084 mg/kg-day 8e-05 mg/kg-day 100 1 Medium Low Low Threshold Chronic
311 Phosmet 732-11-6 Hepatic, Nervous, Other Reduced body weight (males), liver cell vacuolation, cholinesterase inhibition 2-year rat feeding study Stauffer Chemical, 1967 No Observed Effect Level 2.0 mg/kg-day 0.02 mg/kg-day 100 1 High High High Threshold Chronic
312 Phosphine 7803-51-2 Other Body weight and clinical parameters Rat chronic oral study Hackenburg, 1972 No Observed Effect Level 0.026 mg/kg-day 0.0003 mg/kg-day 100 1 Medium Medium Medium Threshold Chronic
313 Phthalic anhydride 85-44-9 Respiratory, Urinary Lung and kidney histopathology Chronic mouse oral study NCI, 1979 Lowest Observable Adverse Effect Level 1562.0 mg/kg-day 2.0 mg/kg-day 1000 1 High Medium Medium Threshold Chronic
314 Picloram 1918-02-1 Hepatic Increased liver weights 6-month dog feeding study Dow Chemical, 1982a No Observed Effect Level 7.0 mg/kg-day 0.07 mg/kg-day 100 1 Medium Medium Medium Threshold Chronic
315 Pirimiphos-methyl 29232-93-7 Nervous Transient plasma ChE depression 56-day human feeding study ICI Americas, 1976a No Observed Effect Level 0.25 mg/kg-day 0.01 mg/kg-day 25 1 High High High Threshold Chronic
316 Potassium cyanide 151-50-8 Reproductive Decreased cauda epididymis weight in male F344/N rats. The RfD for potassium cyanide is presented in section I.A.3 of the hydrogen cyanide and cyanide salts IRIS Summary. None None None None 0.002 mg/kg-day None None None None None None Chronic
317 Potassium silver cyanide 506-61-6 Reproductive Decreased cauda epididymis weight in male F344/N rats. The RfD for potassium cyanide is presented in section I.A.3 of the hydrogen cyanide and cyanide salts IRIS Summary. None None None None 0.005 mg/kg-day None None None None None None Chronic
318 Prochloraz 67747-09-5 Hepatic Increase in SAP and liver weights, liver histopathology 2-year dog feeding study FBC Limited, 1981 No Observed Effect Level 0.9 mg/kg-day 0.009 mg/kg-day 100 1 Medium High High Threshold Chronic
319 Prometon 1610-18-0 Other No treatment related effects observed Subchronic rat feeding study Ciba-Geigy, 1982a No Observable Adverse Effect Level 15.0 mg/kg-day 0.015 mg/kg-day 1000 1 Medium Low Low Threshold Chronic
320 Prometryn 7287-19-6 Hematologic, Hepatic, Immune, Urinary Liver and kidney degeneration and bone marrow atrophy 106-week dog feeding study Ciba-Geigy, 1965a No Observed Effect Level 3.75 mg/kg-day 0.004 mg/kg-day 1000 1 Medium Low Low Threshold Chronic
321 Pronamide 23950-58-5 Other No effects 2-year dog feeding study Rohm & Haas, Co., 1970a No Observed Effect Level 7.5 mg/kg-day 0.075 mg/kg-day 100 1 High Medium Medium Threshold Chronic
322 Propachlor 1918-16-7 Hepatic, Other Decreased weight gain, food consumption increased relative liver weights 90-day feeding study in rats Monsanto Co., 1964a No Observed Effect Level 13.3 mg/kg-day 0.013 mg/kg-day 1000 1 Low Low Low Threshold Chronic
323 Propanil 709-98-8 Immune Increased relative spleen weight in females 2-year rat feeding study Rohm and Haas Co., 1964a No Observed Effect Level 5.0 mg/kg-day 0.005 mg/kg-day 1000 1 Medium Medium Medium Threshold Chronic
324 Propargite 2312-35-8 Developmental, Musculoskeletal, Other Reduced body weight gain (maternal), increased resorption, reduced body weight (fetal), delayed ossification Rabbit developmental toxicity study (NOEL maternal and fetotoxic) Uniroyal Chemical, 1982 No Observed Effect Level 2.0 mg/kg-day 0.02 mg/kg-day 100 1 Medium Medium Medium Threshold Chronic
325 Propargyl alcohol 107-19-7 Hepatic, Urinary Renal and hepatotoxicity Rat oral subchronic study U.S. EPA, 1987 No Observable Adverse Effect Level 5.0 mg/kg-day 0.002 mg/kg-day 3000 1 Medium Low Low Threshold Chronic
326 Propazine 139-40-2 Other Decrease in body weight 2-year rat feeding study Ciba-Geigy, 1980a No Observed Effect Level 5.0 mg/kg-day 0.02 mg/kg-day 300 1 Medium Medium Medium Threshold Chronic
327 Propham 122-42-9 Immune, Nervous Increase in male spleen weight and ChE depression in females 90-day rat feeding study PPG Industries, 1979 No Observed Effect Level 50.0 mg/kg-day 0.02 mg/kg-day 3000 1 Low Low Low Threshold Chronic
328 Propiconazole 60207-90-1 Gastrointestinal Gastric mucosal irritation 1-year dog feeding study Ciba Geigy, 1985a No Observed Effect Level 1.25 mg/kg-day 0.013 mg/kg-day 100 1 Medium High High Threshold Chronic
329 Pursuit 81335-77-5 Hematologic Decreased packed cell volume, hemoglobin, erythrocytes in females 1-year dog study oral exposure (diet) American Cyanamid Co., 1987a No Observed Effect Level 25.0 mg/kg-day 0.25 mg/kg-day 100 1 High High High Threshold Chronic
330 Pydrin 51630-58-1 Nervous Neurological dysfunction 13-week rat feeding study Shell Development Co., 1984 No Observed Effect Level 2.5 mg/kg-day 0.025 mg/kg-day 100 1 High High High Threshold Chronic
331 Pyrene 129-00-0 Urinary Kidney effects (renal tubular pathology, decreased kidney weights) Mouse subchronic oral bioassay U.S. EPA, 1989 No Observable Adverse Effect Level 75.0 mg/kg-day 0.03 mg/kg-day 3000 1 Medium Low Low Threshold Chronic
332 Pyridine 110-86-1 Hepatic Increased liver weight 90-day rat oral gavage study U.S. EPA, 1986 No Observable Adverse Effect Level 1.0 mg/kg-day 0.001 mg/kg-day 1000 1 Medium Medium Medium Threshold Chronic
333 Quinalphos 13593-03-8 Other No adverse effects reported Two-year dog feeding study Sandoz, Ltd., 1980a No Observed Effect Level 0.05 mg/kg-day 0.0005 mg/kg-day 100 1 High Medium Medium Threshold Chronic
334 Resmethrin 10453-86-8 Reproductive Reproductive toxicity 3-generation rat reproduction study Penwick Corp., 1979a Lowest Effect Level 25.0 mg/kg-day 0.03 mg/kg-day 1000 1 High High High Threshold Chronic
335 Rotenone 83-79-4 Developmental Reduced pup weight 2-generation rat reproduction study U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 1983 No Observed Effect Level 0.38 mg/kg-day 0.004 mg/kg-day 100 1 Medium Medium Medium None Chronic
336 Savey 78587-05-0 Endocrine, Hematologic Hypertrophy of adrenal cortex (both sexes) hematologic effects (males) 1-year dog feeding study du Pont, 1984a No Observed Effect Level 2.5 mg/kg-day 0.025 mg/kg-day 100 1 Medium High High Threshold Chronic
337 Selenious acid 7783-00-8 Dermal, Hematologic, Nervous Clinical selenosis Human epidemiological study Yang et al., 1989b No Observable Adverse Effect Level 0.015 mg/kg-day 0.005 mg/kg-day 3 1 Medium High High Threshold Chronic
338 Selenium and Compounds 7782-49-2 Dermal, Hematologic, Nervous Clinical selenosis Human epidemiological study Yang et al., 1989b No Observable Adverse Effect Level 0.015 mg/kg-day 0.005 mg/kg-day 3 1 Medium High High Threshold Chronic
339 Sethoxydim 74051-80-2 Hematologic Mild anemia in males 1-year dog study oral exposure (diet) (NOEL for males) BASF Corporation, 1984 No Observed Effect Level 8.86 mg/kg-day 0.09 mg/kg-day 100 1 High High High Threshold Chronic
340 Silver 7440-22-4 Dermal Argyria 2- to 9-year human i.v. study Gaul and Staud, 1935 Lowest Observable Adverse Effect Level 0.014 mg/kg-day 0.005 mg/kg-day 3 1 Medium Low Low Threshold Chronic
341 Silver cyanide 506-64-9 Endocrine, Nervous, Other Weight loss, thyroid effects, and myelin degeneration Rat chronic oral study Howard and Hanzal, 1955 No Observable Adverse Effect Level 55.7 mg/kg-day 0.1 mg/kg-day 100 5 Medium Low Low Threshold Chronic
342 Simazine 122-34-9 Hematologic, Other Reduction in weight gains hematological changes in females 2-year rat feeding study Ciba-Geigy Corp., 1988a No Observable Adverse Effect Level 0.52 mg/kg-day 0.005 mg/kg-day 100 1 Medium High High Threshold Chronic
343 Sodium azide 26628-22-8 Other Clinical sign (e.g., hunched postures) and reduced body weight Rat oral subchronic study NCI, 1981 No Observable Adverse Effect Level 3.57 mg/kg-day 0.004 mg/kg-day 1000 1 Medium Medium Medium Threshold Chronic
344 Sodium cyanide 143-33-9 Reproductive Decreased cauda epididymis weight in male F344/N rats. The RfD for potassium cyanide is presented in section I.A.3 of the hydrogen cyanide and cyanide salts IRIS Summary. None None None None 0.001 mg/kg-day None None None None None None Chronic
345 Sodium diethyldithiocarbamate 148-18-5 Other Reduced body weight Rat subchronic oral study Sunderman et al., 1967 No Observed Effect Level 30.0 mg/kg-day 0.03 mg/kg-day 1000 1 High Medium Medium Threshold Chronic
346 Sodium fluoroacetate 62-74-8 Cardiovascular, Reproductive Increased heart weight in females and males; decreased testis weight and altered spermatogenesis in males. 13-week rat oral study (gavage) U.S. EPA, 1988 No Observable Adverse Effect Level 0.05 mg/kg-day 2e-05 mg/kg-day 3000 1 Medium Low Low Threshold Chronic
347 Strontium 7440-24-6 Musculoskeletal Rachitic bone 20-day, 9-week, and 3-year oral studies in young and adult rats Storey, 1961; Marie et al., 1985; Skoryna, 1981 No Observable Adverse Effect Level 190.0 mg/kg-day 0.6 mg/kg-day 300 1 Medium Medium Medium Threshold Chronic
348 Strychnine 57-24-9 Other Toxicity/histopathology Rat oral short-term to subchronic study Seidl and Zbinden, 1982 Lowest Observable Adverse Effect Level 2.5 mg/kg-day 0.0003 mg/kg-day 10000 1 Low Low Low Threshold Chronic
349 Styrene 100-42-5 Hematologic, Hepatic Red blood cell and liver effects Dog subchronic oral study Quast et al., 1979 No Observable Adverse Effect Level 200.0 mg/kg-day 0.2 mg/kg-day 1000 1 Medium Medium Medium Threshold Chronic
350 Systhane 88671-89-0 Reproductive Testicular atrophy 2-year chronic rat feeding study Rohm and Haas, 1986a No Observed Effect Level 2.49 mg/kg-day 0.025 mg/kg-day 100 1 High High High Threshold Chronic
351 Tebuthiuron 34014-18-1 Other Depressed body weight gain in F1 females 2-generation rat reproduction study Elanco Products, 1981 No Observed Effect Level 7.0 mg/kg-day 0.07 mg/kg-day 100 1 High High High Threshold Chronic
352 Terbacil 5902-51-2 Endocrine, Hepatic Increase in thyroid/body weight ratio; slight increase in liver weights; elevated alkaline phosphatase 2-year dog feeding study duPont, 1967a No Observed Effect Level 1.25 mg/kg-day 0.013 mg/kg-day 100 1 Medium Medium Medium Threshold Chronic
353 Terbutryn 886-50-0 Hematologic Hematologic effects in females 2-year rat feeding study Ciba-Geigy, 1980a No Observed Effect Level 0.1 mg/kg-day 0.001 mg/kg-day 100 1 High High High Threshold Chronic
354 2,2',4,4'-Tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-47) 5436-43-1 Nervous Neurobehavioral effects Single dose gavage study in mice Eriksson et al., 2001 Benchmark Dose based on the LED10 (Lowest Effective Dose) 0.35 mg/kg 0.0001 mg/kg-day 3000 1 Low Low Low Benchmark Chronic
355 1,2,4,5-Tetrachlorobenzene 95-94-3 Urinary Kidney lesions Rat oral subchronic study Chu et al., 1984 No Observable Adverse Effect Level 0.34 mg/kg-day 0.0003 mg/kg-day 1000 1 Medium Low Low Threshold Chronic
356 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin 1746-01-6 Reproductive Decreased sperm count and motility in men exposed to TCDD as boys / Increased TSH in neonates Epidemiologic cohort study Mocarelli et al., (2008) / Baccarelli et al., (2008) Lowest Observable Adverse Effect Level 2e-08 mg/kg-day 7e-10 mg/kg-day 30 None High High High None None
357 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin 1746-01-6 Developmental, Endocrine, Reproductive Decreased sperm count and motility in men exposed to TCDD as boys / Increased TSH in neonates Epidemiologic cohort study Mocarelli et al., 2008 / Baccarelli et al., 2008 Lowest Observable Adverse Effect Level 2e-08 mg/kg-day 7e-10 mg/kg-day 30 1 High High High None Chronic
358 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane 79-34-5 Hepatic Increased relative liver weight in rats Subchronic dietary study NTP (2004) Benchmark Dose based on the LED10 (Lowest Effective Dose) 15.0 mg/kg-day 0.05 mg/kg-day 300 1 High Medium Medium None Chronic
359 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane 79-34-5 Hepatic Increased relative liver weight in rats Subchronic dietary study NTP (2004) Benchmark Dose based on the LED10 (Lowest Effective Dose) 15.0 mg/kg-day 0.02 mg/kg-day 1000 1 High Medium Medium Threshold Chronic
360 1,1,1,2-Tetrachloroethane 630-20-6 Hepatic, Urinary Mineralization of the kidneys in males, hepatic clear cell change in females Rat, chronic oral gavage study NTP, 1983 Lowest Observable Adverse Effect Level 89.3 mg/kg-day 0.03 mg/kg-day 3000 1 Low Low Low Threshold Chronic
361 Tetrachloroethylene (Perchloroethylene) 127-18-4 Nervous, Ocular (See Note) None None None None 0.006 mg/kg-day None None Medium Medium Medium None Chronic
362 2,3,4,6-Tetrachlorophenol 58-90-2 Hepatic Increased liver weights and centrilobular hypertrophy Rat oral subchronic study U.S. EPA, 1986 No Observable Adverse Effect Level 25.0 mg/kg-day 0.03 mg/kg-day 1000 1 High Medium Medium Threshold Chronic
363 Tetrachlorovinphos 961-11-5 Hepatic, Nervous, Other, Urinary Reduced body weight gain, increased liver and kidney weights, and RBC ChE inhibition Two-year dog feeding study Shell Chemical Co., 1968 No Observed Effect Level 3.13 mg/kg-day 0.03 mg/kg-day 100 1 Medium Medium Medium Threshold Chronic
364 Tetraethyl lead 78-00-2 Hepatic, Immune Histopathology of liver and thymus Rat subchronic study Schepers, 1964 Lowest Observable Adverse Effect Level 0.0012 mg/kg-day 1e-07 mg/kg-day 10000 1 Medium Medium Medium Threshold Chronic
365 Tetraethyldithiopyrophosphate 3689-24-5 Nervous Depressed RBC and plasma cholinesterase activity Rat subchronic oral study Kimmerle and Klimmer, 1974 No Observed Effect Level 0.5 mg/kg-day 0.0005 mg/kg-day 1000 1 Medium Low Low Threshold Chronic
366 Tetrahydrofuran 109-99-9 Developmental Decreased pup body weight gain Rat two-generation reproduction study Hellwig et al. (2002)/BASF (1996) Benchmark Dose based on the LED10 (Lowest Effective Dose) 928.0 mg/kg-day 0.9 mg/kg-day 1000 1 Medium Low Low/Medium None Chronic
367 Thiobencarb 28249-77-6 Other, Urinary Decrease in body weight, increase in BUN 2-year rat feeding study Chevron Chemical, 1984a No Observed Effect Level 1.0 mg/kg-day 0.01 mg/kg-day 100 1 Medium Medium Medium Threshold Chronic
368 Thiophanate-methyl 23564-05-8 Endocrine, Other, Reproductive Decreased body weight, decreased spermatogenesis, and histological evidence of hyperthyroidism 2-year rat feeding study Pennwalt Corp., 1972a No Observed Effect Level 8.0 mg/kg-day 0.08 mg/kg-day 100 1 High High High Threshold Chronic
369 Thiram 137-26-8 Nervous Neurotoxicity 2-year rat feeding study duPont, 1954 No Observed Effect Level 5.0 mg/kg-day 0.005 mg/kg-day 1000 1 Low Low Low Threshold Chronic
370 Toluene 108-88-3 Urinary Increased kidney weight 13-week gavage study in rats NTP, 1990 Benchmark Dose based on the LED10 (Lowest Effective Dose) 238.0 mg/kg-day 0.08 mg/kg-day 3000 1 Medium Medium Medium Threshold Chronic
371 Tralomethrin 66841-25-6 Other Decreased body weight gain in males increased food and water consumption in males and females 2-year rat feeding study Roussel UCLAF, 1984 No Observed Effect Level 0.75 mg/kg-day 0.0075 mg/kg-day 100 1 High High High Threshold Chronic
372 Triallate 2303-17-5 Hepatic, Other Increased hemosiderin deposition, serum alkaline phosphatase, and liver weight in females 2-year dog feeding study Monsanto, 1979 No Observable Adverse Effect Level 1.275 mg/kg-day 0.013 mg/kg-day 100 1 Medium High High Threshold Chronic
373 Triasulfuron 82097-50-5 Hepatic Centrilobular hepatocytomegaly in males 2-year mouse feeding/carcinogenicity study Ciba-Geigy Corporation, 1988 No Observed Effect Level 1.2 mg/kg-day 0.01 mg/kg-day 100 1 Medium High High Threshold Chronic
374 1,2,4-Tribromobenzene 615-54-3 Hepatic Increased liver-to-body weight ratio and hepatic microsomal enzyme induction Rat oral subchronic study Carlson and Tardiff, 1977 No Observable Adverse Effect Level 5.0 mg/kg-day 0.005 mg/kg-day 1000 1 Low Low Low Threshold Chronic
375 Tributyltin oxide (TBTO) 56-35-9 Immune Immunosuppression 18-month immunotoxicity study in rats Vos et al., 1990 Benchmark Dose 0.03 mg/kg-day 0.0003 mg/kg-day 100 1 High High High Threshold Chronic
376 1,1,2-Trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane (CFC-113) 76-13-1 Nervous Psychomotor impairment Epidemiologic study: human occupational exposure Imbus and Adkins, 1972 No Observable Adverse Effect Level 273.0 mg/kg-day 30.0 mg/kg-day 10 1 Low Low Low Threshold Chronic
377 Trichloroacetic acid 76-03-9 Hepatic Hepatocellular necrosis 60-week drinking water exposure study, male B6C3F1 mice DeAngelo et al., 2008 Benchmark Dose based on the LED10 (Lowest Effective Dose) 18.0 mg/kg-day 0.02 mg/kg-day 1000 1 Medium Medium Medium None Chronic
378 1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene 120-82-1 Endocrine Increased adrenal weights; vacuolization of zona fasciculata in the cortex Rat reproductive study Robinson et al., 1981 No Observable Adverse Effect Level 14.8 mg/kg-day 0.01 mg/kg-day 1000 1 Medium Medium Medium Threshold Chronic
379 1,1,1-Trichloroethane 71-55-6 Other Reduced body weight 90-Day mouse dietary study NTP (2000) Benchmark Dose based on the LED10 (Lowest Effective Dose) 2155.0 mg/kg-day 2.0 mg/kg-day 1000 1 High Low/Medium Low/Medium Benchmark Chronic
380 1,1,2-Trichloroethane 79-00-5 Hematologic, Immune Clinical serum chemistry (effects on erythrocytes and depressed humoral immune status) Mouse subchronic drinking water study White et al., 1985 Sanders et al., 1985 No Observable Adverse Effect Level 3.9 mg/kg-day 0.004 mg/kg-day 1000 1 Medium Medium Medium Threshold Chronic
381 1,1,1-Trichloroethane 71-55-6 Other Reduced body weight 90-Day mouse dietary study NTP (2000) Benchmark Dose based on the LED10 (Lowest Effective Dose) 2155.0 mg/kg-day 7.0 mg/kg-day 300 1 Medium Low/Medium Low/Medium None Subchronic
382 Trichloroethylene 79-01-6 Developmental, Immune (See Note) None None None None 0.0005 mg/kg-day None 1 High High High None Chronic
383 Trichlorofluoromethane 75-69-4 Cardiovascular, Other, Respiratory Survival and histopathology (pleuritis and pericarditis) Cancer bioassay studies in rats and mice NCI, 1978 Lowest Observable Adverse Effect Level 349.0 mg/kg-day 0.3 mg/kg-day 1000 1 Medium Medium Medium Threshold Chronic
384 2,4,5-Trichlorophenol 95-95-4 Hepatic, Urinary Liver and kidney pathology Rat oral subchronic study McCollister et al., 1961 No Observed Effect Level 100.0 mg/kg-day 0.1 mg/kg-day 1000 1 Medium Low Low Threshold Chronic
385 2(2,4,5-Trichlorophenoxy) propionic acid (2,4,5-TP) 93-72-1 Hepatic Histopathological changes in liver Dog chronic oral bioassay Mullison, 1966; Gehring and Betso, 1978 No Observed Effect Level 0.75 mg/kg-day 0.008 mg/kg-day 100 1 Medium Medium Medium Threshold Chronic
386 2,4,5-Trichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4,5-T) 93-76-5 Urinary Increased urinary coproporphyrins 2-year rat feeding study Kociba et al., 1979 No Observable Adverse Effect Level 3.0 mg/kg-day 0.01 mg/kg-day 300 1 High Medium Medium Threshold Chronic
387 1,1,2-Trichloropropane 598-77-6 Endocrine, Hepatic, Urinary Mild lesions in liver, kidney and thyroid Rat oral subchronic study Villeneuve et al., 1985 No Observed Effect Level 15.0 mg/kg-day 0.005 mg/kg-day 3000 1 Medium Low Low Threshold Chronic
388 1,2,3-Trichloropropane 96-18-4 Hepatic Increased absolute liver weight in male rats 2-year bioassay NTP, 1993 Benchmark Dose based on the LED10 (Lowest Effective Dose) 1.1 mg/kg-day 0.004 mg/kg-day 300 1 High Medium/High Medium/High Benchmark Chronic
389 Tridiphane 58138-08-2 Other, Reproductive Decreased fertility index and depressed body weight of dams Rat, 2-generation reproduction study Dow Chemical, 1984 No Observed Effect Level 0.33 mg/kg-day 0.003 mg/kg-day 100 1 Medium High High Threshold Chronic
390 Trifluralin 1582-09-8 Hematologic, Hepatic Increased liver weights; increase in methemoglobin 12-month dog feeding study Hoechst Aktiengesellschaft, 1984a No Observed Effect Level 0.75 mg/kg-day 0.0075 mg/kg-day 100 1 High High High Threshold Chronic
391 1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene 95-63-6 Nervous Decreased pain sensitivity in male Wistar rats Korsak and Rydzyński 1996 Benchmark Dose based on the LED10 (Lowest Effective Dose) 3.5 mg/kg-day 0.01 mg/kg-day 300 1 Low/Medium Low/Medium Low Benchmark Chronic
392 1,2,3-Trimethylbenzene 526-73-8 Nervous Decreased pain sensitivity in male Wistar rats Korsak and Rydzyński 1996 Benchmark Dose based on the LED10 (Lowest Effective Dose) 3.5 mg/kg-day 0.04 mg/kg-day 100 1 Low Low Low Benchmark Subchronic
393 1,2,3-Trimethylbenzene 526-73-8 Nervous Decreased pain sensitivity in male Wistar rats Korsak and Rydzyński 1996 Benchmark Dose based on the LED10 (Lowest Effective Dose) 3.5 mg/kg-day 0.01 mg/kg-day 300 1 Low/Medium Low/Medium Low Benchmark Chronic
394 1,3,5-Trimethylbenzene 108-67-8 Nervous Decreased pain sensitivity in male Wistar rats Korsak and Rydzyński 1996 Benchmark Dose based on the LED10 (Lowest Effective Dose) 3.5 mg/kg-day 0.04 mg/kg-day 100 1 Low Low Low Benchmark Subchronic
395 1,3,5-Trimethylbenzene 108-67-8 Nervous Decreased pain sensitivity in male Wistar rats Korsak and Rydzyński 1996 Benchmark Dose based on the LED10 (Lowest Effective Dose) 3.5 mg/kg-day 0.01 mg/kg-day 300 1 Low/Medium Low/Medium Low Benchmark Chronic
396 1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene 95-63-6 Nervous Decreased pain sensitivity in male Wistar rats Korsak and Rydzyński 1996 Benchmark Dose based on the LED10 (Lowest Effective Dose) 3.5 mg/kg-day 0.04 mg/kg-day 100 1 None None Low Benchmark Subchronic
397 1,3,5-Trinitrobenzene 99-35-4 Hematologic Methemoglobinemia and spleen-erythroid cell hyperplasia Rat 2-year dietary study Reddy et al., 1996, 1997 No Observable Adverse Effect Level 2.68 mg/kg-day 0.03 mg/kg-day 100 1 High Medium Medium Threshold Chronic
398 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene (TNT) 118-96-7 Hepatic Liver effects 26-week dog feeding study U.S. DOD, 1983 Lowest Observable Adverse Effect Level 0.5 mg/kg-day 0.0005 mg/kg-day 1000 1 Medium Medium Medium Threshold Chronic
399 Uranium, soluble salts Various Other, Urinary Initial body weight loss moderate nephrotoxicity 30-day oral rabbit bioassay (diet) Maynard and Hodge, 1949 Lowest Observable Adverse Effect Level 2.8 mg/kg-day 0.003 mg/kg-day 1000 1 Medium Medium Medium Threshold Chronic
400 Vanadium pentoxide 1314-62-1 Dermal Decreased hair cystine Rat chronic oral study Stokinger et al., 1953 No Observable Adverse Effect Level 0.89 mg/kg-day 0.009 mg/kg-day 100 1 Low Low Low Threshold Chronic
401 Vernam 1929-77-7 Other Decreased body weight 2-generation reproduction rat study Stauffer Chemical Co., 1983 No Observed Effect Level 1.0 mg/kg-day 0.001 mg/kg-day 1000 1 High Low Low Threshold Chronic
402 Vinclozolin 50471-44-8 Endocrine, Urinary Organ weight changes (adrenal and kidney) 6-month dog feeding study BASF Corp., 1982 No Observed Effect Level 2.5 mg/kg-day 0.025 mg/kg-day 100 1 High High High Threshold Chronic
403 Vinyl chloride 75-01-4 Hepatic Liver cell polymorphism Rat chronic feeding study Til et al., 1983, 1991 No Observable Adverse Effect Level 0.09 mg/kg-day 0.003 mg/kg-day 30 1 High Medium/High Medium Threshold Chronic
404 Warfarin 81-81-2 Hematologic Increased prothrombin time Human clinical studies Huff, 1985 Lowest Observable Adverse Effect Level 0.029 mg/kg-day 0.0003 mg/kg-day 100 1 Low Low Low Threshold Chronic
405 White phosphorus 7723-14-0 Dermal, Reproductive Parturition mortality; forelimb hair loss Reproductive rat study Condray, 1985 No Observable Adverse Effect Level 0.015 mg/kg-day 2e-05 mg/kg-day 1000 1 Low Low Low Threshold Chronic
406 Xylenes 1330-20-7 Other Decreased body weight, increased mortality Chronic F344/N rat study, Oral gavage exposure NTP, 1986 No Observable Adverse Effect Level 179.0 mg/kg-day 0.2 mg/kg-day 1000 1 Medium Medium Medium Threshold Chronic
407 Zinc and Compounds 7440-66-6 Hematologic, Immune Decreases in erythrocyte Cu, Zn-superoxide dismutase (ESOD) activity in healthy adult male and female volunteers None Yadrick et al., 1989, Fischer et al., 1984, Davis et al., 2000, Milne et al., 2001 Lowest Observable Adverse Effect Level 0.91 mg/kg-day 0.3 mg/kg-day 3 1 Medium/High High Medium/High Threshold Chronic
408 Zinc cyanide 557-21-1 Endocrine, Nervous, Other Weight loss, thyroid effects, and myelin degeneration Rat chronic oral study Howard and Hanzal, 1955 No Observable Adverse Effect Level 24.3 mg/kg-day 0.05 mg/kg-day 100 5 Medium Medium Medium Threshold Chronic
409 Zinc phosphide 1314-84-7 Other Reduction of food intake and body weight Rat subchronic oral study Bai et al, 1980 Lowest Observable Adverse Effect Level 3.48 mg/kg-day 0.0003 mg/kg-day 10000 1 Medium Low Low Threshold Chronic
410 Zineb 12122-67-7 Endocrine Thyroid hyperplasia Rat, chronic oral bioassay Blackwell-Smith et al., 1953 Lowest Observable Adverse Effect Level 25.0 mg/kg-day 0.05 mg/kg-day 500 1 Medium Medium Medium Threshold Chronic
411 n-Butanol 71-36-3 Nervous Hypoactivity and ataxia Rat oral subchronic study U.S. EPA, 1986 No Observable Adverse Effect Level 125.0 mg/kg-day 0.1 mg/kg-day 1000 1 High Low Low Threshold Chronic
412 tert-Butyl Alcohol (tBA) 75-65-0 Urinary Increased severity of nephropathy 2-year drinking water study in female rats NTP 1995 Benchmark Dose based on the LED10 (Lowest Effective Dose) 43.2 mg/kg-day 0.4 mg/kg-day 100 1 High Medium Medium Benchmark Chronic
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