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WOE Details
| ROW | CHEMICAL NAME | CASRN | ROUTE | WOE DESCRIPTION | WOE TITLE | WOE NARRITIVE |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Acenaphthylene | 208-96-8 | Undefined | D (Not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity) | Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1986) | Based on no human data and inadequate data from animal bioassays. |
| 2 | Acephate | 30560-19-1 | Undefined | C (Possible human carcinogen) | Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1986) | The classification is based on increased incidence of hepatocellular carcinomas and adenomas in female mice. |
| 3 | Acetaldehyde | 75-07-0 | None | B2 (Probable human carcinogen - based on sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in animals) | Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1986) | Based on increased incidence of nasal tumors in male and female rats and laryngeal tumors in male and female hamsters after inhalation exposure. |
| 4 | Acetone | 67-64-1 | Undefined | Data are inadequate for an assessment of human carcinogenic potential | Revised Draft Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1999) | In accordance with the Draft Revised Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1999) data are inadequate for an assessment of the human carcinogenic potential of acetone. |
| 5 | Acetonitrile | 75-05-8 | Undefined | Carcinogenic potential cannot be determined | Proposed Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1996) | Under the Proposed Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1996), the carcinogenic potential of ACN following inhalation, oral, or dermal exposure is best characterized as "cannot be determined because the existing evidence is composed of conflicting data (e.g., some evidence is suggestive of carcinogenic effects, but other equally pertinent evidence does not confirm any concern)." |
| 6 | Acetonitrile | 75-05-8 | Undefined | D (Not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity) | Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1986) | Under the Proposed Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1996), the carcinogenic potential of ACN following inhalation, oral, or dermal exposure is best characterized as "cannot be determined because the existing evidence is composed of conflicting data (e.g., some evidence is suggestive of carcinogenic effects, but other equally pertinent evidence does not confirm any concern)." |
| 7 | Acetophenone | 98-86-2 | Undefined | D (Not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity) | Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1986) | Based on no human data and no animal data. |
| 8 | Acetyl chloride | 75-36-5 | Undefined | D (Not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity) | Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1986) | No human data or animal data. |
| 9 | Acrolein | 107-02-8 | Undefined | Data are inadequate for an assessment of human carcinogenic potential | Revised Draft Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1999) | Under the Draft Revised Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1999), the potential carcinogenicity of acrolein cannot be determined because the existing data are inadequate for an assessment of human carcinogenic potential for either the oral or inhalation route of exposure. There are no adequate human studies of the carcinogenic potential of acrolein. Collectively, experimental studies provide inadequate evidence that acrolein causes cancer in laboratory animals. |
| 10 | Acrylamide | 79-06-1 | Combined | Likely to be carcinogenic to humans | Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 2005) | In accordance with the Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment U.S. EPA, 2005, acrylamide (AA) is characterized as "likely to be carcinogenic to humans." |
| 11 | Acrylonitrile | 107-13-1 | Undefined | B1 (Probable human carcinogen - based on limited evidence of carcinogenicity in humans) | Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1986) | The observation of a statistically significant increase in incidence of lung cancer in exposed workers and observation of tumors, generally astrocytomas in the brain, in studies in two rat strains exposed by various routes (drinking water, gavage, and inhalation) forms the basis for this classification. |
| 12 | Adiponitrile | 111-69-3 | Undefined | D (Not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity) | Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1986) | No human and no animal cancer data were available. Adiponitrile was negative for mutagenicity in Salmonella with and without activation. |
| 13 | Aldicarb | 116-06-3 | Undefined | D (Not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity) | Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1986) | Aldicarb was not found to induce statistically significant increases in tumor incidence in mice or rats in feeding studies or mice in a skin painting study. In the feeding studies there were, however, significant trends in pituitary tumors in female rats and fibrosarcomas in the male mouse. This evidence, together with the fact that less than maximum tolerated doses were used, indicates that the available assays are inadequate to assess the carcinogenic potential of aldicarb. |
| 14 | Aldrin | 309-00-2 | Undefined | B2 (Probable human carcinogen - based on sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in animals) | Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1986) | Orally administered aldrin produced significant increases in tumor responses in three different strains of mice in both males and females. Tumor induction has been observed for structurally related chemicals, including dieldrin, a metabolite. |
| 15 | Allyl chloride | 107-05-1 | Undefined | C (Possible human carcinogen) | Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1986) | Classification is based on a low (but biologically important) incidence of forestomach tumors in female mice and positive results in a variety of genetic toxicity tests. Allyl chloride is an alkylating agent and structurally related to probable human carcinogens. |
| 16 | 4-Aminopyridine | 504-24-5 | Undefined | D (Not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity) | Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1986) | No human data and no animal data available. |
| 17 | Ammonium acetate | 631-61-8 | Undefined | D (Not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity) | Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1986) | No human data and no animal data |
| 18 | Ammonium methacrylate | 16325-47-6 | Undefined | D (Not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity) | Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1986) | No human data and no animal data |
| 19 | Aniline | 62-53-3 | Undefined | B2 (Probable human carcinogen - based on sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in animals) | Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1986) | Induction of tumors of the spleen and the body cavity in two strains of rat, and some supporting genetic toxicological evidence. |
| 20 | Anthracene | 120-12-7 | Undefined | D (Not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity) | Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1986) | Based on no human data and inadequate data from animal bioassays. |
| 21 | Apollo | 74115-24-5 | Undefined | C (Possible human carcinogen) | Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1986) | Based on an increase in thyroid gland follicular cell tumors in male rats and supportive findings in pituitary/thyroid hormone activity. |
| 22 | Aramite | 140-57-8 | Undefined | B2 (Probable human carcinogen - based on sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in animals) | Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1986) | Based on no human data and sufficient data from animal bioassays including increased incidence of liver tumors and/or neoplastic nodules in three strains of male and female rats and males of one strain of mice, and extrahepatic biliary system tumors in dogs following chronic oral exposure. |
| 23 | Arsenic, Inorganic | 7440-38-2 | Undefined | Carcinogenic to humans | Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 2005) | Bladder and lung cancer are acknowledged as known hazard outcomes for inorganic arsenic (ATSDR, 2007; ATSDR, 2016; Health Canada, 2006; IARC, 2004; IARC, 2012; NRC, 2013; NTP, 2016; WHO, 2011; WHO, 2011), and the strength of evidence for these health outcomes was considered robust (as described in Section 3.2 and Appendix A of the IRIS Toxicological Review). Bladder cancer and lung cancer were classified as carcinogenic to humans in the 1995 IRIS Toxicological Review based on epidemiologic evidence (U.S. EPA, 1995), and that classification is retained in the current assessment. |
| 24 | Asbestos | 1332-21-4 | Undefined | A (Human carcinogen) | Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1986) | Observation of increased mortality and incidence of lung cancer, mesotheliomas and gastrointestinal cancer in occupationally exposed workers are consistent across investigators and study populations. Animal studies by inhalation in two strains of rats showed similar findings for lung cancer and mesotheliomas. Animal evidence for carcinogenicity via ingestion is limited (male rats fed intermediate-range chrysotile fibers; i.e., >10 um length, developed benign polyps), and epidemiologic data in this regard are inadequate. |
| 25 | Assure | 76578-14-8 | Undefined | D (Not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity) | Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1986) | Based on no human data and inadequate animal data. |
| 26 | Azobenzene | 103-33-3 | Undefined | B2 (Probable human carcinogen - based on sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in animals) | Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1986) | Azobenzene induced invasive sarcomas in the spleen and other abdominal organs in male and female F344 rats following dietary administration. It is genotoxic and may be converted to benzidine, a known human carcinogen, under the acidic conditions in the stomach. |
| 27 | Barium and Compounds | 7440-39-3 | Inhalation | Carcinogenic potential cannot be determined | Proposed Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1996) | Under EPA's 1986 Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment, barium would be classified as Group D, not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity. Under the Proposed Guidelines for Carcinogenic Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1996), barium is considered not likely to be carcinogenic to humans following oral exposure and its carcinogenic potential cannot be determined following inhalation exposure. |
| 28 | Barium and Compounds | 7440-39-3 | Undefined | D (Not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity) | Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1986) | Under EPA's 1986 Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment, barium would be classified as Group D, not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity. Under the Proposed Guidelines for Carcinogenic Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1996), barium is considered not likely to be carcinogenic to humans following oral exposure and its carcinogenic potential cannot be determined following inhalation exposure. |
| 29 | Barium and Compounds | 7440-39-3 | Oral | Not likely to be carcinogenic to humans | Proposed Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1996) | Under EPA's 1986 Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment, barium would be classified as Group D, not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity. Under the Proposed Guidelines for Carcinogenic Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1996), barium is considered not likely to be carcinogenic to humans following oral exposure and its carcinogenic potential cannot be determined following inhalation exposure. |
| 30 | Bentazon (Basagran) | 25057-89-0 | Undefined | E (Evidence of non-carcinogenicity for humans) | Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1986) | Under EPA's 1986 Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment, Bentazon would be classified as evidence of non-carcinogenicity for humans, or a Group E chemical. Under EPA's proposed guidelines for carcinogen risk assessment (U.S. EPA, 1996), Bentazon would be characterized as not likely to be carcinogenic to humans by any route of exposure. |
| 31 | Bentazon (Basagran) | 25057-89-0 | Undefined | Not likely to be carcinogenic to humans | Proposed Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1996) | Under EPA's 1986 Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment, Bentazon would be classified as evidence of non-carcinogenicity for humans, or a Group E chemical. Under EPA's proposed guidelines for carcinogen risk assessment (U.S. EPA, 1996), Bentazon would be characterized as not likely to be carcinogenic to humans by any route of exposure. |
| 32 | Benz[a]anthracene | 56-55-3 | Undefined | B2 (Probable human carcinogen - based on sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in animals) | Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1986) | Based on no human data and sufficient data from animal bioassays. Benz[a]anthracene produced tumors in mice exposed by gavage; intraperitoneal, subcutaneous or intramuscular injection; and topical application. Benz[a]anthracene produced mutations in bacteria and in mammalian cells, and transformed mammalian cells in culture. |
| 33 | Benzene | 71-43-2 | Undefined | Known/likely human carcinogen | Proposed Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1996) | Benzene is classified as a "known" human carcinogen (Category A) under the Risk Assessment Guidelines of 1986. Under the proposed revised Carcinogen Risk Assessment Guidelines (U.S. EPA, 1996), benzene is characterized as a known human carcinogen for all routes of exposure based upon convincing human evidence as well as supporting evidence from animal studies. (U.S. EPA, 1979, 1985, 1998; ATSDR, 1997). |
| 34 | Benzene | 71-43-2 | Undefined | A (Human carcinogen) | Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1986) | Benzene is classified as a "known" human carcinogen (Category A) under the Risk Assessment Guidelines of 1986. Under the proposed revised Carcinogen Risk Assessment Guidelines (U.S. EPA, 1996), benzene is characterized as a known human carcinogen for all routes of exposure based upon convincing human evidence as well as supporting evidence from animal studies. (U.S. EPA, 1979, 1985, 1998; ATSDR, 1997). |
| 35 | Benzidine | 92-87-5 | Undefined | A (Human carcinogen) | Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1986) | Observation of increased incidence of bladder cancer and bladder cancer-related deaths in exposed workers |
| 36 | Benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) | 50-32-8 | Combined | Carcinogenic to humans | Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 2005) | Under EPA’s Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 2005), benzo[a]pyrene is “carcinogenic to humans” based on strong and consistent evidence in animals and humans. |
| 37 | Benzo[b]fluoranthene | 205-99-2 | Undefined | B2 (Probable human carcinogen - based on sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in animals) | Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1986) | Based on no human data and sufficient data from animal bioassays. Benzo[b]fluoranthene produced tumors in mice after lung implantation, intraperitoneal (i.p.) or subcutaneous (s.c.) injection, and skin painting. |
| 38 | Benzo[g,h,i]perylene | 191-24-2 | Undefined | D (Not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity) | Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1986) | Based on no human data and inadequate animal data from lung implant, skin-painting and subcutaneous injection bioassays. |
| 39 | Benzo[k]fluoranthene | 207-08-9 | Undefined | B2 (Probable human carcinogen - based on sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in animals) | Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1986) | Based on no human data and sufficient data from animal bioassays. Benzo[k]fluoranthene produced tumors after lung implantation in mice and when administered with a promoting agent in skin-painting studies. Equivocal results have been found in a lung adenoma assay in mice. Benzo[k]fluoranthene is mutagenic in bacteria. |
| 40 | Benzoic acid | 65-85-0 | Undefined | D (Not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity) | Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1986) | No human data and inadequate data from animal bioassays |
| 41 | Benzotrichloride | 98-07-7 | Undefined | B2 (Probable human carcinogen - based on sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in animals) | Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1986) | Based on inadequate human data and sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in animals; namely, significantly increased incidences of benign and malignant tumors at multiple sites in one strain of female mice treated orally, dermally, and by inhalation. There is also evidence of mutagenicity in a variety of test systems. |
| 42 | Benzyl chloride | 100-44-7 | Undefined | B2 (Probable human carcinogen - based on sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in animals) | Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1986) | Based on inadequate human data and sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in animals; namely significantly increased incidences of benign and malignant tumors at multiple sites in both sexes of mice and a significant increase in thyroid tumors in female rats. There was evidence of mutagenicity in a variety of test systems. |
| 43 | Beryllium and compounds | 7440-41-7 | Undefined | B1 (Probable human carcinogen - based on limited evidence of carcinogenicity in humans) | Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1986) | B1; probable human carcinogen. Based on the limited evidence of carcinogenicity in humans exposed to airborne beryllium (lung cancer) and sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in animals (lung cancer in rats and monkeys inhaling beryllium, lung tumors in rats exposed to beryllium via intratracheal instillation, and osteosarcomas in rabbits and possibly mice receiving intravenous or intramedullary injection), beryllium is reclassified from a B2 (inadequate human data) to a B1 probable human carcinogen (limited human data) using criteria of the 1986 Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment. Using the 1996 proposed Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment, inhaled beryllium would be characterized as a "likely" carcinogen in humans, and the human carcinogenic potential of ingested beryllium cannot be determined. |
| 44 | Beryllium and compounds | 7440-41-7 | Oral | Carcinogenic potential cannot be determined | Proposed Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1996) | B1; probable human carcinogen. Based on the limited evidence of carcinogenicity in humans exposed to airborne beryllium (lung cancer) and sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in animals (lung cancer in rats and monkeys inhaling beryllium, lung tumors in rats exposed to beryllium via intratracheal instillation, and osteosarcomas in rabbits and possibly mice receiving intravenous or intramedullary injection), beryllium is reclassified from a B2 (inadequate human data) to a B1 probable human carcinogen (limited human data) using criteria of the 1986 Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment. Using the 1996 proposed Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment, inhaled beryllium would be characterized as a "likely" carcinogen in humans, and the human carcinogenic potential of ingested beryllium cannot be determined. |
| 45 | Beryllium and compounds | 7440-41-7 | Inhalation | Known/likely human carcinogen | Proposed Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1996) | B1; probable human carcinogen. Based on the limited evidence of carcinogenicity in humans exposed to airborne beryllium (lung cancer) and sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in animals (lung cancer in rats and monkeys inhaling beryllium, lung tumors in rats exposed to beryllium via intratracheal instillation, and osteosarcomas in rabbits and possibly mice receiving intravenous or intramedullary injection), beryllium is reclassified from a B2 (inadequate human data) to a B1 probable human carcinogen (limited human data) using criteria of the 1986 Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment. Using the 1996 proposed Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment, inhaled beryllium would be characterized as a "likely" carcinogen in humans, and the human carcinogenic potential of ingested beryllium cannot be determined. |
| 46 | Biphenyl | 92-52-4 | None | Suggestive evidence of carcinogenic potential | Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 2005) | Under EPA’s Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 2005a), the database for biphenyl provides “suggestive evidence of carcinogenic potential” based on increased incidence of urinary bladder tumors (transitional cell papillomas and carcinomas) in male F344 rats (Umeda et al., 2002) and liver tumors (hepatocellular adenomas and carcinomas) in female BDF1 mice (Umeda et al., 2005) exposed to biphenyl in the diet for 104 weeks, as well as information on mode of carcinogenic action. The carcinogenic potential of biphenyl in humans has not been investigated. |
| 47 | Bis(2-chloroethoxy)methane | 111-91-1 | Undefined | D (Not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity) | Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1986) | No human data and no animal data. |
| 48 | Bis(chloroethyl)ether (BCEE) | 111-44-4 | Undefined | B2 (Probable human carcinogen - based on sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in animals) | Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1986) | Positive carcinogenicity results in two strains of mice and evidence of mutagenicity |
| 49 | Bis(chloromethyl)ether (BCME) | 542-88-1 | Undefined | A (Human carcinogen) | Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1986) | Statistically significant increases in lung tumors (oat cell carcinomas) observed in six studies of exposed workers and bioassay data from rats and mice. |
| 50 | Boron and Compounds | 7440-42-8 | Oral | Data are inadequate for an assessment of human carcinogenic potential | Revised Draft Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1999) | Under the Draft Revised Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1999), data are inadequate for an assessment of human carcinogenic potential for boron. |
| 51 | Bromate | 15541-45-4 | Oral | Known/likely human carcinogen | Proposed Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1996) | Under the current Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1986), bromate would be classified as B2, probable human carcinogen. Under the Proposed Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1996), bromate should be evaluated as a likely human carcinogen by the oral route of exposure. Insufficient data are available to evaluate the human carcinogenic potential of bromate by the inhalation route. |
| 52 | Bromate | 15541-45-4 | Undefined | B2 (Probable human carcinogen - based on sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in animals) | Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1986) | Under the current Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1986), bromate would be classified as B2, probable human carcinogen. Under the Proposed Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1996), bromate should be evaluated as a likely human carcinogen by the oral route of exposure. Insufficient data are available to evaluate the human carcinogenic potential of bromate by the inhalation route. |
| 53 | Bromate | 15541-45-4 | Inhalation | Carcinogenic potential cannot be determined | Proposed Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1996) | Under the current Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1986), bromate would be classified as B2, probable human carcinogen. Under the Proposed Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1996), bromate should be evaluated as a likely human carcinogen by the oral route of exposure. Insufficient data are available to evaluate the human carcinogenic potential of bromate by the inhalation route. |
| 54 | Brominated dibenzofurans | None | Undefined | D (Not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity) | Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1986) | No data in humans or animals |
| 55 | Bromobenzene | 108-86-1 | Undefined | Inadequate information to assess carcinogenic potential | Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 2005) | Under the Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 2005a), there is "inadequate information to assess the carcinogenic potential" of bromobenzene. |
| 56 | Bromochloromethane | 74-97-5 | Undefined | D (Not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity) | Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1986) | Based on the lack of data regarding the carcinogenicity of bromochloromethane in humans or animals; however, there are data indicative of genotoxic effects and structural relationships to halogenated methanes classified as B2 probable human carcinogens. |
| 57 | Bromodichloromethane | 75-27-4 | Undefined | B2 (Probable human carcinogen - based on sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in animals) | Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1986) | Based on inadequate human data and sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in two animal species (mice and rats) as shown by increased incidence of kidney tumors and tumors of the large intestine in male and female rats, kidney tumors in male mice, and liver tumors in female mice. |
| 58 | p-Bromodiphenyl ether | 101-55-3 | Undefined | D (Not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity) | Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1986) | No human data and inadequate animal data. |
| 59 | Bromoform | 75-25-2 | Undefined | B2 (Probable human carcinogen - based on sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in animals) | Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1986) | Based on inadequate human data and sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in animals, namely an increased incidence of tumors after oral administration of bromoform in rats and intraperitoneal administration in mice. Bromoform is genotoxic in several assay systems. Also, bromoform is structurally related to other trihalomethanes (e.g., chloroform, bromodichloromethane, dibromochloromethane) which have been verified as either probable or possible carcinogens. |
| 60 | Bromomethane | 74-83-9 | Undefined | D (Not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity) | Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1986) | Inadequate human and animal data: a single mortality study from which direct exposure associations could not be deduced and studies in several animal species with too few animals, too brief exposure or observation time for adequate power. Bromomethane has shown genotoxicity. |
| 61 | Bromotrichloromethane | 75-62-7 | Undefined | D (Not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity) | Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1986) | Based on no data regarding the carcinogenicity of bromotrichloromethane in humans or animals. |
| 62 | 1,3-Butadiene | 106-99-0 | Undefined | Carcinogenic to humans | Revised Draft Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1999) | Under EPA's 1999 Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1999), 1,3-butadiene is characterized as carcinogenic to humans by inhalation. This characterization is supported by the total weight of evidence provided by the following: (1) sufficient evidence from epidemiologic studies of the majority of U.S. workers occupationally exposed to 1,3-butadiene, either to the monomer or to the polymer by inhalation, showing increased lymphohematopoietic cancers and a dose-response relationship for leukemias in polymer workers (see Section II.A.2), (2) sufficient evidence in laboratory animal studies showing that 1,3-butadiene causes tumors at multiple sites in mice and rats by inhalation (see Section II.A.3), and (3) numerous studies consistently demonstrating that 1,3-butadiene is metabolized into genotoxic metabolites by experimental animals and humans (see Section II.A.4). The specific mechanisms of 1,3-butadiene-induced carcinogenesis are unknown however, the scientific evidence strongly suggests that the carcinogenic effects are mediated by genotoxic metabolites of 1,3-butadiene, i.e., the monoepoxide, the diepoxide, and the epoxydiol. |
| 63 | Butyl benzyl phthalate (BBP) | 85-68-7 | Undefined | C (Possible human carcinogen) | Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1986) | Based on statistically significant increase in mononuclear cell leukemia in female rats; the response in male rats was inconclusive and there was no such response in mice. |
| 64 | t-Butylchloride | 507-20-0 | Undefined | D (Not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity) | Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1986) | Based on no human carcinogenicity data and inadequate animal data. |
| 65 | Cacodylic acid | 75-60-5 | Undefined | D (Not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity) | Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1986) | No human data and inadequate data in animals |
| 66 | Cadmium | 7440-43-9 | Undefined | B1 (Probable human carcinogen - based on limited evidence of carcinogenicity in humans) | Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1986) | Limited evidence from occupational epidemiologic studies of cadmium is consistent across investigators and study populations. There is sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in rats and mice by inhalation and intramuscular and subcutaneous injection. Seven studies in rats and mice wherein cadmium salts (acetate, sulfate, chloride) were administered orally have shown no evidence of carcinogenic response. |
| 67 | Carbon tetrachloride | 56-23-5 | Undefined | Likely to be carcinogenic to humans | Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 2005) | Under the Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 2005a), carbon tetrachloride is "likely to be carcinogenic to humans." |
| 68 | Cerium Oxide and Cerium Compounds | 1306-38-3 | Undefined | Inadequate information to assess carcinogenic potential | Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 2005) | In accordance with U.S. EPA (2005a) Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment, there is "inadequate information to assess the carcinogenic potential" of cerium in humans. |
| 69 | Chloral hydrate | 302-17-0 | Undefined | C (Possible human carcinogen) | Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1986) | Under the 1986 cancer guidelines (U.S. EPA, 1986), chloral hydrate is assigned to Group C, possible human carcinogen. Under the 1996 proposed guidelines for carcinogen risk assessment (U.S. EPA, 1996), chloral hydrate shows suggestive evidence of human carcinogenicity by the oral route of exposure. There are no carcinogenicity data from humans. |
| 70 | Chloral hydrate | 302-17-0 | Oral | Carcinogenic potential cannot be determined | Proposed Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1996) | Under the 1986 cancer guidelines (U.S. EPA, 1986), chloral hydrate is assigned to Group C, possible human carcinogen. Under the 1996 proposed guidelines for carcinogen risk assessment (U.S. EPA, 1996), chloral hydrate shows suggestive evidence of human carcinogenicity by the oral route of exposure. There are no carcinogenicity data from humans. |
| 71 | Chlordane (Technical) | 12789-03-6 | Undefined | B2 (Probable human carcinogen - based on sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in animals) | Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1986) | Under the 1996 Proposed Guidelines, chlordane would be characterized as a likely carcinogen by all routes of exposure. |
| 72 | Chlordane (Technical) | 12789-03-6 | Undefined | Known/likely human carcinogen | Proposed Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1996) | Under the 1996 Proposed Guidelines, chlordane would be characterized as a likely carcinogen by all routes of exposure. |
| 73 | Chlordecone (Kepone) | 143-50-0 | Undefined | Likely to be carcinogenic to humans | Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 2005) | Under the U.S. EPA Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 2005a), chlordecone is "likely to be carcinogenic to humans" based on data from an oral cancer bioassay in rats and mice demonstrating an increase in the incidence of hepatocellular carcinomas in both sexes of both species (NCI, 1976a, b). |
| 74 | Chlorine dioxide | 10049-04-4 | Undefined | D (Not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity) | Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1986) | Under the current guidelines (U.S. EPA, 1986), chlorine dioxide is classified as Group D; not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity because of inadequate data in humans and animals. Under the draft Carcinogen Assessment Guidelines (U.S. EPA, 1996), the human carcinogenicity of chlorine dioxide cannot be determined because no satisfactory human or animal studies assessing the chronic carcinogenic potential of chlorine dioxide have been located. |
| 75 | Chlorine dioxide | 10049-04-4 | Undefined | Carcinogenic potential cannot be determined | Proposed Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1996) | Under the current guidelines (U.S. EPA, 1986), chlorine dioxide is classified as Group D; not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity because of inadequate data in humans and animals. Under the draft Carcinogen Assessment Guidelines (U.S. EPA, 1996), the human carcinogenicity of chlorine dioxide cannot be determined because no satisfactory human or animal studies assessing the chronic carcinogenic potential of chlorine dioxide have been located. |
| 76 | Chlorite (sodium salt) | 7758-19-2 | Undefined | D (Not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity) | Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1986) | Under the current guidelines (U.S. EPA, 1986), chlorite is classified as Group D; not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity because of inadequate data in humans and animals. Under the draft Carcinogen Assessment Guidelines (U.S. EPA, 1996), the human carcinogenicity of chlorite cannot be determined because of a lack of human data and limitations in animal studies. |
| 77 | Chlorite (sodium salt) | 7758-19-2 | Undefined | Carcinogenic potential cannot be determined | Proposed Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1996) | Under the current guidelines (U.S. EPA, 1986), chlorite is classified as Group D; not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity because of inadequate data in humans and animals. Under the draft Carcinogen Assessment Guidelines (U.S. EPA, 1996), the human carcinogenicity of chlorite cannot be determined because of a lack of human data and limitations in animal studies. |
| 78 | Chlorobenzene | 108-90-7 | Undefined | D (Not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity) | Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1986) | No human data, inadequate animal data and predominantly negative genetic toxicity data in bacterial, yeast, and mouse lymphoma cells. |
| 79 | 2-Chlorobutane | 78-86-4 | Undefined | D (Not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity) | Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1986) | Based on no human carcinogenicity data and inadequate animal data. |
| 80 | 1-Chlorobutane | 109-69-3 | Undefined | D (Not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity) | Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1986) | Based on no human carcinogenicity data and inadequate animal data. |
| 81 | Chlorocyclopentadiene | 41851-50-7 | Undefined | D (Not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity) | Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1986) | Lack of data concerning carcinogenicity in humans or animals. |
| 82 | Chloroform | 67-66-3 | Undefined | Likely to be carcinogenic to humans | Revised Draft Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1999) | Under the Proposed Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1996; U.S. EPA, 1999), chloroform is likely to be carcinogenic to humans by all routes of exposure under high-exposure conditions that lead to cytotoxicity and regenerative hyperplasia in susceptible tissues (U.S. EPA, 1998a,b). Chloroform is not likely to be carcinogenic to humans by any route of exposure under exposure conditions that do not cause cytotoxicity and cell regeneration. This weight-of-evidence conclusion is based on: 1) observations in animals exposed by both oral and inhalation pathways which indicate that sustained or repeated cytotoxicity with secondary regenerative hyperplasia precedes, and is probably required for, hepatic and renal neoplasia; 2) there are no epidemiological data specific to chloroform and, at most, equivocal epidemiological data related to drinking water exposures that cannot necessarily be negative, although there are some scattered positive results that generally have limitations such as excessively high dose or with confounding factors. Thus, the weigh-of-evidence of the genotoxicity data on chloroform supports a conclusion that chloroform is not strongly mutagenic, and the genotoxicity is not likely to be the predominant mode of action underlying the carcinogenic potential of chloroform. Although no cancer data exist for exposures via the dermal pathway, the weight-of-evidence conclusion is considered to be applicable to this pathway as well, because chloroform absorbed through the skin and into the blood is expected to be metabolized and to cause toxicity in much the same way as chloroform absorbed by other exposure routes. |
| 83 | Chloroform | 67-66-3 | Undefined | Not likely to be carcinogenic to humans | Revised Draft Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1999) | Under the Proposed Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1996; U.S. EPA, 1999), chloroform is likely to be carcinogenic to humans by all routes of exposure under high-exposure conditions that lead to cytotoxicity and regenerative hyperplasia in susceptible tissues (U.S. EPA, 1998a,b). Chloroform is not likely to be carcinogenic to humans by any route of exposure under exposure conditions that do not cause cytotoxicity and cell regeneration. This weight-of-evidence conclusion is based on: 1) observations in animals exposed by both oral and inhalation pathways which indicate that sustained or repeated cytotoxicity with secondary regenerative hyperplasia precedes, and is probably required for, hepatic and renal neoplasia; 2) there are no epidemiological data specific to chloroform and, at most, equivocal epidemiological data related to drinking water exposures that cannot necessarily be negative, although there are some scattered positive results that generally have limitations such as excessively high dose or with confounding factors. Thus, the weigh-of-evidence of the genotoxicity data on chloroform supports a conclusion that chloroform is not strongly mutagenic, and the genotoxicity is not likely to be the predominant mode of action underlying the carcinogenic potential of chloroform. Although no cancer data exist for exposures via the dermal pathway, the weight-of-evidence conclusion is considered to be applicable to this pathway as well, because chloroform absorbed through the skin and into the blood is expected to be metabolized and to cause toxicity in much the same way as chloroform absorbed by other exposure routes. |
| 84 | Chloroform | 67-66-3 | Undefined | B2 (Probable human carcinogen - based on sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in animals) | Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1986) | Under the Proposed Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1996; U.S. EPA, 1999), chloroform is likely to be carcinogenic to humans by all routes of exposure under high-exposure conditions that lead to cytotoxicity and regenerative hyperplasia in susceptible tissues (U.S. EPA, 1998a,b). Chloroform is not likely to be carcinogenic to humans by any route of exposure under exposure conditions that do not cause cytotoxicity and cell regeneration. This weight-of-evidence conclusion is based on: 1) observations in animals exposed by both oral and inhalation pathways which indicate that sustained or repeated cytotoxicity with secondary regenerative hyperplasia precedes, and is probably required for, hepatic and renal neoplasia; 2) there are no epidemiological data specific to chloroform and, at most, equivocal epidemiological data related to drinking water exposures that cannot necessarily be negative, although there are some scattered positive results that generally have limitations such as excessively high dose or with confounding factors. Thus, the weigh-of-evidence of the genotoxicity data on chloroform supports a conclusion that chloroform is not strongly mutagenic, and the genotoxicity is not likely to be the predominant mode of action underlying the carcinogenic potential of chloroform. Although no cancer data exist for exposures via the dermal pathway, the weight-of-evidence conclusion is considered to be applicable to this pathway as well, because chloroform absorbed through the skin and into the blood is expected to be metabolized and to cause toxicity in much the same way as chloroform absorbed by other exposure routes. |
| 85 | Chloromethyl methyl ether (CMME) | 107-30-2 | Undefined | A (Human carcinogen) | Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1986) | The observation of an increased incidence of respiratory cancer in exposed workers and the observation of respiratory tumors in mice, rats, and hamsters exposed by inhalation forms the basis for this classification. |
| 86 | p-Chlorophenyl methyl sulfide | 123-09-1 | Undefined | D (Not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity) | Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1986) | No human or animal studies found in the available literature |
| 87 | p-Chlorophenyl methyl sulfone | 98-57-7 | Undefined | D (Not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity) | Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1986) | No human or animal studies found in the available literature |
| 88 | p-Chlorophenyl methyl sulfoxide | 934-73-6 | Undefined | D (Not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity) | Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1986) | No human or animal studies found in the available literature |
| 89 | Chloroprene | 126-99-8 | Undefined | Likely to be carcinogenic to humans | Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 2005) | Under the Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 2005), there is evidence that chloroprene is "likely to be carcinogenic to humans" |
| 90 | Chromium(III), insoluble salts | 16065-83-1 | Undefined | Carcinogenic potential cannot be determined | Proposed Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1996) | Applying the criteria for evaluating the overall weight-of-evidence for carcinogenicity to humans outlined in EPA's guidelines for carcinogen risk assessment (U.S. EPA, 1986), trivalent chromium is most appropriately designated a Group D -- Not classified as to its human carcinogenicity. Using the Proposed Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (EPA, 1996), there are inadequate data to determine the potential carcinogenicity of trivalent chromium, as discussed below. However, the classification of hexavalent chromium as a known human carcinogen raises a concern for the carcinogenic potential of trivalent chromium. |
| 91 | Chromium(III), insoluble salts | 16065-83-1 | Undefined | D (Not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity) | Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1986) | Applying the criteria for evaluating the overall weight-of-evidence for carcinogenicity to humans outlined in EPA's guidelines for carcinogen risk assessment (U.S. EPA, 1986), trivalent chromium is most appropriately designated a Group D -- Not classified as to its human carcinogenicity. Using the Proposed Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (EPA, 1996), there are inadequate data to determine the potential carcinogenicity of trivalent chromium, as discussed below. However, the classification of hexavalent chromium as a known human carcinogen raises a concern for the carcinogenic potential of trivalent chromium. |
| 92 | Chromium(VI) | 18540-29-9 | Oral | Likely to be carcinogenic to humans | Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 2005) | Under EPA’s Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 2005), Cr(VI) is “likely to be carcinogenic” via oral exposure based on sufficiently supported [laboratory] animal studies relevant to humans. This assessment maintains the previous conclusion (U.S. EPA, 1998) that Cr(VI) is “carcinogenic to humans” via inhalation exposure. |
| 93 | Chromium(VI) | 18540-29-9 | Inhalation | Carcinogenic to humans | Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 2005) | Under EPA’s Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 2005), Cr(VI) is “likely to be carcinogenic” via oral exposure based on sufficiently supported [laboratory] animal studies relevant to humans. This assessment maintains the previous conclusion (U.S. EPA, 1998) that Cr(VI) is “carcinogenic to humans” via inhalation exposure. |
| 94 | Chrysene | 218-01-9 | Undefined | B2 (Probable human carcinogen - based on sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in animals) | Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1986) | No human data and sufficient data from animal bioassays. Chrysene produced carcinomas and malignant lymphoma in mice after intraperitoneal injection and skin carcinomas in mice following dermal exposure. Chrysene produced chromosomal abnormalities in hamsters and mouse germ cells after gavage exposure, positive responses in bacterial gene mutation assays and transformed mammalian cells exposed in culture. |
| 95 | Coke oven emissions | None | Undefined | A (Human carcinogen) | Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1986) | Studies of coke oven workers have shown increased risk of mortality from cancer of the lung, trachea and bronchus; cancer of the kidney; cancer of the prostate; and cancer at all sites combined. In animals, extracts and condensates of coke oven emissions were found to be carcinogenic in both inhalation studies and skin-painting bioassays. The mutagenicity of whole extracts and condensates, as well as their individual components, provides supportive evidence for carcinogenicity. |
| 96 | Copper | 7440-50-8 | Undefined | D (Not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity) | Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1986) | There are no human data, inadequate animal data from assays of copper compounds, and equivocal mutagenicity data. |
| 97 | Creosote | 8001-58-9 | Undefined | B1 (Probable human carcinogen - based on limited evidence of carcinogenicity in humans) | Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1986) | Limited evidence of the association between occupational creosote contact and subsequent tumor formation, sufficient evidence of local and distant tumor formation after dermal application to mice, and some evidence of mutagenic activity, as well as the well-documented carcinogenicity of other coal tar products to humans. |
| 98 | Crotonaldehyde | 123-73-9 | Undefined | C (Possible human carcinogen) | Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1986) | Based on no human data and an increased incidence of hepatocellular carcinomas and hepatic neoplastic nodules (combined) in male F344 rats. The possible carcinogenicity of crotonaldehyde is supported by genotoxic activity and the expected reactivity of croton oil and aldehyde. Crotonaldehyde is also a suspected metabolite of N-nitrosopyrrolidine, a probable human carcinogen. |
| 99 | Cumene | 98-82-8 | Undefined | D (Not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity) | Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1986) | Under the proposed Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1996), it is concluded that the carcinogenic potential of cumene cannot be determined because no adequate data, such as well-conducted long-term animal studies or reliable human epidemiological studies, are available for any assessment. |
| 100 | Cumene | 98-82-8 | Undefined | Carcinogenic potential cannot be determined | Proposed Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1996) | Under the proposed Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1996), it is concluded that the carcinogenic potential of cumene cannot be determined because no adequate data, such as well-conducted long-term animal studies or reliable human epidemiological studies, are available for any assessment. |
| 101 | Cyanide, free | 57-12-5 | Undefined | D (Not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity) | Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1986) | Pertinent data regarding carcinogenicity have not been located in the available literature. |
| 102 | Cyclohexane | 110-82-7 | Undefined | Data are inadequate for an assessment of human carcinogenic potential | Revised Draft Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1999) | Cyclohexane is characterized as "Data are inadequate for an assessment of human carcinogenic potential" (U.S. EPA, 1999). |
| 103 | 2,2',3,3',4,4',5,5',6,6'-Decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209) | 1163-19-5 | Undefined | Suggestive evidence of carcinogenic potential | Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 2005) | Under the Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 2005a), the database for decabromodiphenyl ether provides suggestive evidence of carcinogenic potential. |
| 104 | Di (2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) | 117-81-7 | Undefined | B2 (Probable human carcinogen - based on sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in animals) | Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1986) | Orally administered DEHP produced significant dose-related increases in liver tumor responses in rats and mice of both sexes. |
| 105 | Di(2-ethylhexyl)adipate | 103-23-1 | Undefined | C (Possible human carcinogen) | Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1986) | Based on an absence of human data and increased incidence of liver tumors in female mice. Except for a positive dominant lethal assay, there was no evidence of genotoxicity; this compound does, however, exhibit structural relationships to other nongenotoxic compounds classified as probable and possible human carcinogens. |
| 106 | Dibenz[a,h]anthracene | 53-70-3 | Undefined | B2 (Probable human carcinogen - based on sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in animals) | Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1986) | Based on no human data and sufficient data from animal bioassays. Dibenz[a,h]anthracene produced carcinomas in mice following oral or dermal exposure and injection site tumors in several species following subcutaneous or intramuscular administration. Dibenz[a,h]anthracene has induced DNA damage and gene mutations in bacteria as well as gene mutations and transformation in several types of mammalian cell cultures. |
| 107 | Dibenzofuran | 132-64-9 | Undefined | D (Not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity) | Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1986) | Based on no human data and no animal data for dibenzofuran alone. |
| 108 | Dibromochloromethane | 124-48-1 | Undefined | C (Possible human carcinogen) | Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1986) | Based on inadequate human data and limited evidence of carcinogenicity in animals; namely, positive carcinogenic evidence in B6C3Fl mice (males and females), together with positive mutagenicity data, and structural similarity to other trihalomethanes, which are known animal carcinogens. |
| 109 | Dibromodichloromethane | 594-18-3 | Undefined | D (Not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity) | Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1986) | Based on the lack of data regarding the carcinogenicity of dibromodichloromethane in humans or animals. |
| 110 | p,p'-Dibromodiphenyl ether | 2050-47-7 | Undefined | D (Not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity) | Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1986) | No human data and no animal data available. |
| 111 | 1,2-Dibromoethane | 106-93-4 | Undefined | Likely to be carcinogenic to humans | Revised Draft Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1999) | Under the Draft Revised Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1999), 2-dibromoethane is considered "likely to be carcinogenic to humans" based on strong evidence of carcinogenicity in animals and inconclusive evidence of carcinogenicity in an exposed human population. |
| 112 | Dibutyl phthalate (DBP) | 84-74-2 | Undefined | D (Not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity) | Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1986) | Pertinent data regarding carcinogenicity was not located in the available literature. |
| 113 | Dichloroacetic acid | 79-43-6 | Undefined | Likely to be carcinogenic to humans | Revised Draft Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1999) | EPA believes that DCA is likely to be a carcinogen in humans. |
| 114 | 1,2-Dichlorobenzene | 95-50-1 | Undefined | D (Not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity) | Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1986) | Based on no human data and evidence of both negative and positive trends for carcinogenic responses in rats and mice. |
| 115 | 1,3-Dichlorobenzene | 541-73-1 | Undefined | D (Not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity) | Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1986) | Based on no human data, no animal data and limited genetic data. |
| 116 | 3,3'-Dichlorobenzidine | 91-94-1 | Undefined | B2 (Probable human carcinogen - based on sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in animals) | Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1986) | Based on statistically significantly increased tumor incidences in rats, mice and dogs. Additional support is provided by positive evidence of genotoxicity and structural relationship to the known human bladder carcinogen benzidine. |
| 117 | p,p'-Dichlorodiphenyl dichloroethane (DDD) | 72-54-8 | Undefined | B2 (Probable human carcinogen - based on sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in animals) | Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1986) | Based on an increased incidence of lung tumors in male and female mice, liver tumors in male mice and thyroid tumors in male rats. DDD is structurally similar to, and is a known metabolite of DDT, a probable human carcinogen. |
| 118 | p,p'-Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE) | 72-55-9 | Undefined | B2 (Probable human carcinogen - based on sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in animals) | Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1986) | Increased incidence of liver tumors including carcinomas in two strains of mice and in hamsters and of thyroid tumors in female rats by diet. |
| 119 | p,p'-Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) | 50-29-3 | Undefined | B2 (Probable human carcinogen - based on sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in animals) | Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1986) | Observation of tumors (generally of the liver) in seven studies in various mouse strains and three studies in rats. DDT is structurally similar to other probable carcinogens, such as DDD and DDE. |
| 120 | 1,2-Dichloroethane | 107-06-2 | Undefined | B2 (Probable human carcinogen - based on sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in animals) | Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1986) | Based on the induction of several tumor types in rats and mice treated by gavage and lung papillomas in mice after topical application |
| 121 | 1,1-Dichloroethane | 75-34-3 | Undefined | C (Possible human carcinogen) | Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1986) | Based on no human data and limited evidence of carcinogenicity in two animal species (rats and mice) as shown by an increased incidence of mammary gland adenocarcinomas and hemangiosarcomas in female rats and an increased incidence of hepatocellular carcinomas and benign uterine polyps in mice. |
| 122 | cis-1,2-Dichloroethylene | 156-59-2 | Undefined | Inadequate information to assess carcinogenic potential | Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 2005) | Under the Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 2005a), there is "inadequate information to assess the carcinogenic potential" of cis-1,2-DCE. |
| 123 | trans-1,2-Dichloroethylene | 156-60-5 | Undefined | Inadequate information to assess carcinogenic potential | Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 2005) | Under the Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 2005a), there is "inadequate information to assess the carcinogenic potential" of trans-1,2-DCE. |
| 124 | 1,1-Dichloroethylene (1,1-DCE) | 75-35-4 | Inhalation | Suggestive evidence of carcinogenicity, but not sufficient to assess human carcinogenic potential | Revised Draft Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1999) | Under the 1986 cancer guidelines (U.S. EPA, 1986), 1,1-DCE is assigned to Group C, possible human carcinogen. Under the draft revised guidelines for carcinogen risk assessment (U.S. EPA, 1999), EPA concludes 1,1-DCE exhibits suggestive evidence of carcinogenicity but not sufficient evidence to assess human carcinogenic potential following inhalation exposure in studies in rodents. Male mice developed kidney tumors at one exposure in a lifetime bioassay, a finding tempered by the absence of similar results in female mice or male or female rats and by the enzymatic differences (i.e., CYP2E1) between male mice and female mice, male and female rats, and human kidney cells. Limited evidence of genotoxicity has been reported in bacterial systems with metabolic activation. The data for 1,1-DCE are inadequate for an assessment of human carcinogenic potential by the oral route, based on the absence of statistically or biologically significant tumors in limited bioassays in rats and mice balanced against the suggestive evidence in male mice in a single bioassay by inhalation and the limited evidence of genotoxicity. The human epidemiological results on the carcinogenicity of 1,1-DCE are too limited to draw useful conclusions. EPA concludes that the results of kidney tumors in one sex and one exposure in a single species of rodents are too limited to support an exposure-response assessment. |
| 125 | 1,1-Dichloroethylene (1,1-DCE) | 75-35-4 | Oral | Data are inadequate for an assessment of human carcinogenic potential | Revised Draft Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1999) | Under the 1986 cancer guidelines (U.S. EPA, 1986), 1,1-DCE is assigned to Group C, possible human carcinogen. Under the draft revised guidelines for carcinogen risk assessment (U.S. EPA, 1999), EPA concludes 1,1-DCE exhibits suggestive evidence of carcinogenicity but not sufficient evidence to assess human carcinogenic potential following inhalation exposure in studies in rodents. Male mice developed kidney tumors at one exposure in a lifetime bioassay, a finding tempered by the absence of similar results in female mice or male or female rats and by the enzymatic differences (i.e., CYP2E1) between male mice and female mice, male and female rats, and human kidney cells. Limited evidence of genotoxicity has been reported in bacterial systems with metabolic activation. The data for 1,1-DCE are inadequate for an assessment of human carcinogenic potential by the oral route, based on the absence of statistically or biologically significant tumors in limited bioassays in rats and mice balanced against the suggestive evidence in male mice in a single bioassay by inhalation and the limited evidence of genotoxicity. The human epidemiological results on the carcinogenicity of 1,1-DCE are too limited to draw useful conclusions. EPA concludes that the results of kidney tumors in one sex and one exposure in a single species of rodents are too limited to support an exposure-response assessment. |
| 126 | 1,1-Dichloroethylene (1,1-DCE) | 75-35-4 | Undefined | C (Possible human carcinogen) | Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1986) | Under the 1986 cancer guidelines (U.S. EPA, 1986), 1,1-DCE is assigned to Group C, possible human carcinogen. Under the draft revised guidelines for carcinogen risk assessment (U.S. EPA, 1999), EPA concludes 1,1-DCE exhibits suggestive evidence of carcinogenicity but not sufficient evidence to assess human carcinogenic potential following inhalation exposure in studies in rodents. Male mice developed kidney tumors at one exposure in a lifetime bioassay, a finding tempered by the absence of similar results in female mice or male or female rats and by the enzymatic differences (i.e., CYP2E1) between male mice and female mice, male and female rats, and human kidney cells. Limited evidence of genotoxicity has been reported in bacterial systems with metabolic activation. The data for 1,1-DCE are inadequate for an assessment of human carcinogenic potential by the oral route, based on the absence of statistically or biologically significant tumors in limited bioassays in rats and mice balanced against the suggestive evidence in male mice in a single bioassay by inhalation and the limited evidence of genotoxicity. The human epidemiological results on the carcinogenicity of 1,1-DCE are too limited to draw useful conclusions. EPA concludes that the results of kidney tumors in one sex and one exposure in a single species of rodents are too limited to support an exposure-response assessment. |
| 127 | Dichloromethane | 75-09-2 | Combined | Likely to be carcinogenic to humans | Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 2005) | Following U.S. EPA (2005) Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment, dichloromethane is "likely to be carcinogenic in humans," based predominantly on evidence of carcinogenicity at two sites in 2-year bioassays in male and female B6C3F1 mice (liver and lung tumors) with inhalation exposure (NTP, 1986) and at one site in male B6C3F1 mice (liver tumors) with drinking water exposure (Serota et al., 1986b; Hazleton Laboratories, 1983). |
| 128 | 1,3-Dichloropropene | 542-75-6 | Undefined | Known/likely human carcinogen | Proposed Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1996) | Although the available human data are inadequate, 1,3-dichloropropene is characterized as "likely" to be a human carcinogen in accordance with the Proposed Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1996). |
| 129 | 1,3-Dichloropropene | 542-75-6 | Undefined | B2 (Probable human carcinogen - based on sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in animals) | Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1986) | Although the available human data are inadequate, 1,3-dichloropropene is characterized as "likely" to be a human carcinogen in accordance with the Proposed Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1996). |
| 130 | Dichlorvos | 62-73-7 | Undefined | B2 (Probable human carcinogen - based on sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in animals) | Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1986) | Significant increases in forestomach tumors in female and male B6C3F1 mice and leukemias and pancreatic acinar adenomas in Fischer 344 rats. Supporting evidence included observation of tumors at other sites in the rat and observation of mutagenicity for both dichlorvos and a major metabolite dichloroacetaldehyde. A structurally related material, dichloropropene, also induces forestomach tumors in rodents. |
| 131 | Dieldrin | 60-57-1 | Undefined | B2 (Probable human carcinogen - based on sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in animals) | Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1986) | Dieldrin is carcinogenic in seven strains of mice when administered orally. Dieldrin is structurally related to compounds (aldrin, chlordane, heptachlor, heptachlor epoxide, and chlorendic acid) which produce tumors in rodents. |
| 132 | Diesel engine exhaust | None | Undefined | Likely to be carcinogenic to humans | Revised Draft Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1999) | Using U.S. EPA's revised draft 1999 Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1999), diesel exhaust (DE) is likely to be carcinogenic to humans by inhalation from environmental exposures. |
| 133 | Diethyl phthalate (DEP) | 84-66-2 | Undefined | D (Not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity) | Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1986) | Pertinent data regarding carcinogenicity were not located in the available literature. |
| 134 | Diethyl-p-nitrophenylphosphate | 311-45-5 | Undefined | D (Not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity) | Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1986) | No human data and no animal data available. |
| 135 | Diethylene glycol dinitrate (DEGDN) | 693-21-0 | Undefined | D (Not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity) | Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1986) | No human or animal carcinogenic studies found in the available literature. |
| 136 | Diisopropyl methylphosphonate (DIMP) | 1445-75-6 | Undefined | D (Not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity) | Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1986) | No data from cancer bioassays or epidemiological studies are available. |
| 137 | Dimethipin | 55290-64-7 | Undefined | C (Possible human carcinogen) | Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1986) | Classification is based on an elevated combined incidence of pulmonary adenomas/carcinomas in male, but not in female, CD-1 mice. A rat study is undergoing further evaluation. |
| 138 | Dimethyl phthalate | 131-11-3 | Undefined | D (Not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity) | Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1986) | Pertinent data regarding carcinogenicity was not located in the available literature. |
| 139 | Dimethyl sulfate | 77-78-1 | Undefined | B2 (Probable human carcinogen - based on sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in animals) | Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1986) | Classification is based on induction of local carcinomas following inhalation and subcutaneous exposures in rats, tumor induction in rats following prenatal exposure, and evidence suggestive of carcinogenicity in hamsters and mice by inhalation. Dimethyl sulfate alkylates cellular macromolecules and is genotoxic. |
| 140 | m-Dinitrobenzene | 99-65-0 | Undefined | D (Not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity) | Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1986) | Based on no data in humans and animals. |
| 141 | o-Dinitrobenzene | 528-29-0 | Undefined | D (Not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity) | Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1986) | Based on no data in humans and animals. |
| 142 | 2,4-/2,6-Dinitrotoluene mixture | Various | Undefined | B2 (Probable human carcinogen - based on sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in animals) | Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1986) | Based on multiple benign and malignant tumor types at multiple sites in both sexes of rats (2 strains) and malignant renal tumors in male mice. The classification is supported by evidence of mutagenicity. |
| 143 | Dinoseb | 88-85-7 | Undefined | D (Not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity) | Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1986) | Dinoseb was not observed to be carcinogenic in two inadequate studies in rats and in mice. In a third study, an increase in benign liver tumors in female mice was not considered to be treatment-related. The increase was much lower in the high dose than the mid dose, there were no decreases in time to tumor, nor any evidence of any of the potentially predisposing lesions in the liver such as hypertrophy, hyperplasia or degeneration which are often associated with known hepatocellular carcinogens. |
| 144 | 1,4-Dioxane | 123-91-1 | Undefined | Likely to be carcinogenic to humans | Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 2005) | In accordance with the Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 2005), 1,4-dioxane is characterized as "likely to be carcinogenic to humans." |
| 145 | 1,2-Diphenylhydrazine | 122-66-7 | Undefined | B2 (Probable human carcinogen - based on sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in animals) | Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1986) | Positive results of studies in both rats and mice form the basis for this classification. Two apparently negative studies lack information on compound purity, experimental design, and statistical treatment. |
| 146 | 1,4-Dithiane | 505-29-3 | Undefined | D (Not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity) | Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1986) | Based on no data in humans and animals. |
| 147 | Endrin | 72-20-8 | Undefined | D (Not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity) | Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1986) | Oral administration of endrin did not produce carcinogenic effects in either sex of two strains of rats and three strains of mice. An NCI bioassay was suggestive of responses in male and female rats although NCI reported a no evidence conclusion. The inadequacies of several of the bioassays call into question the strength of the reported negative findings. These inadequacies and the suggestive responses in the NCI bioassay do not support a Group E classification; rather a Group D classification best reflects the equivocal data. |
| 148 | Epichlorohydrin | 106-89-8 | Undefined | B2 (Probable human carcinogen - based on sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in animals) | Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1986) | Human data are inadequate. Multiple studies in rats and mice administered epichlorohydrin by various routes were positive. As epichlorohydrin is a strong alkylating agent, tumors are produced at the site of application. |
| 149 | Ethyl Tertiary Butyl Ether (ETBE) | 637-92-3 | Inhalation | Suggestive evidence of carcinogenic potential | Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 2005) | Under EPA’s Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 2005), ethyl tertiary butyl ether has “suggestive evidence of carcinogenic potential" for the inhalation route and “inadequate information to assess carcinogenic potential” for the oral route. |
| 150 | Ethylbenzene | 100-41-4 | Undefined | D (Not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity) | Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1986) | Nonclassifiable due to lack of animal bioassays and human studies. |
| 151 | Ethylene diamine | 107-15-3 | Undefined | D (Not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity) | Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1986) | Based on no human data and inadequate animal data. |
| 152 | Ethylene glycol monobutyl ether (EGBE) (2-Butoxyethanol) | 111-76-2 | Undefined | Not likely to be carcinogenic to humans | Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 2005) | Under the Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 2005), EGBE is deemed "not likely to be carcinogenic to humans" at environmental concentrations at or below the RfD and RfC, based on laboratory animal evidence, mode-of-action information, and limited human study information. |
| 153 | Ethylene oxide | 75-21-8 | Inhalation | Carcinogenic to humans | Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 2005) | Under the Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 2005), ethylene oxide is "carcinogenic to humans" by the inhalation route of exposure, based on (1) strong, but less than conclusive on its own, epidemiological evidence of lymphohematopoietic cancers and breast cancer in EtO exposed workers, (2) extensive evidence of carcinogenicity in laboratory animals, including lymphohematopoietic cancers in rats and mice and mammary carcinomas in mice following inhalation exposure, (3) clear evidence that EtO is genotoxic and sufficient weight of evidence to support a mutagenic mode of action for EtO carcinogenicity, and (4) strong evidence that the key precursor events are anticipated to occur in humans and progress to tumors, including evidence of chromosome damage in humans exposed to EtO. |
| 154 | Fluoranthene | 206-44-0 | Undefined | D (Not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity) | Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1986) | Based on no human data and inadequate data from animal bioassays. |
| 155 | Fluorene | 86-73-7 | Undefined | D (Not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity) | Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1986) | Based on no human data and inadequate data from animal bioassays. |
| 156 | Folpet | 133-07-3 | Undefined | B2 (Probable human carcinogen - based on sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in animals) | Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1986) | Folpet has induced carcinoma and adenoma of the duodenum (an unusual site) in both sexes of both CD-1 and B6C3F1 mice. Folpet is also mutagenic in several in vitro assays and is a structural analogue of captan, which has been shown to induce carcinoma in the duodenum of two mouse strains. |
| 157 | Fomesafen | 72178-02-0 | Undefined | C (Possible human carcinogen) | Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1986) | Fomesafen produced liver adenomas and carcinomas in both sexes of Charles River CD-1 mice. |
| 158 | Formaldehyde | 50-00-0 | Inhalation | Carcinogenic to humans | Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 2005) | Under EPA’s Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 2005), formaldehyde is “carcinogenic to humans by the inhalation route of exposure”. This conclusion is independently supported by three sets of evidence, namely evidence integration (aka “weight of evidence”) judgments that the evidence demonstrates that formaldehyde inhalation causes nasopharyngeal cancer, sinonasal cancer, and myeloid leukemia, in exposed humans (see the IRIS Toxicological Review for details on the human, animal, and/or mechanistic evidence that supports each of these three judgments). |
| 159 | Fosetyl-al | 39148-24-8 | Undefined | C (Possible human carcinogen) | Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1986) | Increased incidence of urinary bladder tumors (adenomas/carcinomas combined) in male rats. No increase in tumor incidence occurred in female rats or in mice of either sex. |
| 160 | Furmecyclox | 60568-05-0 | Undefined | B2 (Probable human carcinogen - based on sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in animals) | Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1986) | Dose-related increased incidence of neoplastic nodules, carcinomas and combined neoplasic nodules/carcinomas in the liver of female rats and increased incidence of liver nodules and carcinomas and urothelial tumors of the bladder in male rats. |
| 161 | Glycidaldehyde | 765-34-4 | Undefined | B2 (Probable human carcinogen - based on sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in animals) | Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1986) | Based on no human data and an increased incidence of malignant tumors in rats and mice following subcutaneous injection of glycidaldehyde and of skin carcinomas following dermal application to mice. Glycidaldehyde shows mutagenic activity in many assay systems and is known to be highly reactive because of the epoxide and the aldehyde groups. A number of structurally related epoxide compounds are also carcinogenic in experimental animals, including the analogues glycidol and propylene oxide. |
| 162 | Glyphosate | 1071-83-6 | Undefined | D (Not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity) | Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1986) | Inadequate evidence for oncogenicity in animals. Glyphosate was originally classified as C, possible human carcinogen, on the basis of increased incidence of renal tumors in mice. Following independent review of the slides the classification was changed to D on the basis of a lack of statistical significance and uncertainty as to a treatment-related effect. |
| 163 | Heptachlor | 76-44-8 | Undefined | B2 (Probable human carcinogen - based on sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in animals) | Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1986) | Inadequate human data, but sufficient evidence exist from studies in which benign and malignant liver tumors were induced in three strains of mice of both sexes. Several structurally related compounds are liver carcinogens. |
| 164 | Heptachlor epoxide | 1024-57-3 | Undefined | B2 (Probable human carcinogen - based on sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in animals) | Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1986) | Sufficient evidence exists from rodent studies in which liver carcinomas were induced in two strains of mice of both sexes and in CFN female rats. Several structurally related compounds are liver carcinogens. |
| 165 | n-Heptane | 142-82-5 | Undefined | D (Not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity) | Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1986) | No human data and no animal data available. |
| 166 | Hexabromodiphenyl ether | 36483-60-0 | Undefined | D (Not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity) | Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1986) | No human data and no animal data available. |
| 167 | 2,2',4,4',5,5'-Hexabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-153) | 68631-49-2 | Undefined | Inadequate information to assess carcinogenic potential | Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 2005) | Under the Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 2005a), there is "inadequate information to assess the carcinogenic potential" of 2,2',4,4',5,5'-hexabromodiphenyl ether. |
| 168 | Hexachlorobenzene | 118-74-1 | Undefined | B2 (Probable human carcinogen - based on sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in animals) | Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1986) | Hexachlorobenzene, when administered orally, has been shown to induce tumors in the liver, thyroid and kidney in three rodent species. |
| 169 | Hexachlorobutadiene | 87-68-3 | Undefined | C (Possible human carcinogen) | Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1986) | Observation of renal neoplasms in male and female rats in one study. |
| 170 | alpha-Hexachlorocyclohexane (alpha-HCH) | 319-84-6 | Undefined | B2 (Probable human carcinogen - based on sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in animals) | Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1986) | Dietary alpha-HCH has been shown to cause increased incidence of liver tumors in five mouse strains and in Wistar rats. |
| 171 | beta-Hexachlorocyclohexane (beta-HCH) | 319-85-7 | Undefined | C (Possible human carcinogen) | Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1986) | Increases in benign liver tumors in CF1 mice fed beta-HCH |
| 172 | delta-Hexachlorocyclohexane (delta-HCH) | 319-86-8 | Undefined | D (Not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity) | Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1986) | Based on no human data and inadequate data from animal bioassays. |
| 173 | epsilon-Hexachlorocyclohexane (epsilon-HC) | 6108-10-7 | Undefined | D (Not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity) | Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1986) | Based on no human data and inadequate data from animal bioassays. |
| 174 | technical Hexachlorocyclohexane (t-HCH) | 608-73-1 | Undefined | B2 (Probable human carcinogen - based on sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in animals) | Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1986) | Assays in four strains of mice have yielded positive carcinogenicity results for t-HCH administered in the diet. |
| 175 | Hexachlorocyclopentadiene (HCCPD) | 77-47-4 | Undefined | Not likely to be carcinogenic to humans | Proposed Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1996) | According to the existing Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1986a), evaluation of the weight-of-evidence for carcinogenicity to humans indicates that HCCPD is most appropriately categorized as Group E, Evidence of Noncarcinogenicity to Humans, via inhalation exposure. In accordance with U.S. EPA's Proposed Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1996), HCCPD is not likely to be a human carcinogen by the inhalation route based on current data indicating no evidence of cancer in well-conducted bioassays in two species of rodents; the absence of increased deaths from cancer in the limited human occupational studies available; and lack of mutagenicity in a variety of test systems. |
| 176 | Hexachlorocyclopentadiene (HCCPD) | 77-47-4 | Undefined | E (Evidence of non-carcinogenicity for humans) | Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1986) | According to the existing Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1986a), evaluation of the weight-of-evidence for carcinogenicity to humans indicates that HCCPD is most appropriately categorized as Group E, Evidence of Noncarcinogenicity to Humans, via inhalation exposure. In accordance with U.S. EPA's Proposed Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1996), HCCPD is not likely to be a human carcinogen by the inhalation route based on current data indicating no evidence of cancer in well-conducted bioassays in two species of rodents; the absence of increased deaths from cancer in the limited human occupational studies available; and lack of mutagenicity in a variety of test systems. |
| 177 | Hexachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (HxCDD), mixture of 1,2,3,6,7,8-HxCDD and 1,2,3,7,8,9-HxCDD | 57653-85-7 | Undefined | B2 (Probable human carcinogen - based on sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in animals) | Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1986) | Hepatic tumors in mice and rats by gavage |
| 178 | Hexachloroethane | 67-72-1 | Undefined | Likely to be carcinogenic to humans | Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 2005) | Under the U.S. EPA Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 2005b), HCE is "likely to be carcinogenic to humans" based on evidence of multiple tumor types in both sexes of rats and mice (NTP, 1989 NCI, 1978). |
| 179 | Hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX) | 121-82-4 | None | Suggestive evidence of carcinogenic potential | Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 2005) | Under EPA’s Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 2005), there is suggestive evidence of carcinogenic potential for RDX based on evidence of benign and malignant tumors in the liver and lungs of B6C3F1 mice or F344 rats. |
| 180 | n-Hexane | 110-54-3 | Undefined | Inadequate information to assess carcinogenic potential | Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 2005) | Under the emGuidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment/em (U.S. EPA, 2005b), there is eminadequate information to assess the carcinogenic potential of n-hexane./em |
| 181 | 2-Hexanone | 591-78-6 | Undefined | Inadequate information to assess carcinogenic potential | Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 2005) | Under the Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 2005a), the database for 2-hexanone is "inadequate to assess human carcinogenic potential." |
| 182 | Hydrazine/Hydrazine sulfate | 302-01-2 | Undefined | B2 (Probable human carcinogen - based on sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in animals) | Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1986) | Tumors have been induced in mice, rats and hamsters following oral, inhalation or intraperitoneal administration of hydrazine and sulfate. Hydrazine is mutagenic in numerous assays. |
| 183 | Hydrogen Cyanide and Cyanide Salts | Various | Undefined | Inadequate information to assess carcinogenic potential | Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 2005) | Under the U.S. EPA (2005a) Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment, there is "inadequate information to assess the carcinogenic potential" of cyanide. |
| 184 | Hydrogen sulfide | 7783-06-4 | Undefined | Data are inadequate for an assessment of human carcinogenic potential | Revised Draft Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1999) | Under the Draft Revised Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1999), data are inadequate for an assessment of the carcinogenic potential of hydrogen sulfide. |
| 185 | Indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene | 193-39-5 | Undefined | B2 (Probable human carcinogen - based on sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in animals) | Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1986) | Based on no human data and sufficient data from animal bioassays. Indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene produced tumors in mice following lung implants, subcutaneous injection and dermal exposure. Indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene tested positive in bacterial gene mutation assays. |
| 186 | Isophorone | 78-59-1 | Undefined | C (Possible human carcinogen) | Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1986) | Based on no data in humans; limited evidence of carcinogenicity of one tumor type in one sex of one animal species as shown by an increase of preputial gland carcinomas in male rats. The apparent renal tubular cell tumor in the male rat is associated with alpha-2u-globulin, considered to be of questionable relevance to humans. |
| 187 | Isopropyl methyl phosphonic acid (IMPA) | 1832-54-8 | Undefined | D (Not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity) | Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1986) | Based on no data in humans and animals. |
| 188 | Isoxaben | 82558-50-7 | Undefined | C (Possible human carcinogen) | Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1986) | Based on a statistically significant increased incidence of benign liver tumors in one species. |
| 189 | Lead and compounds (inorganic) | 7439-92-1 | Undefined | B2 (Probable human carcinogen - based on sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in animals) | Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1986) | Sufficient animal evidence. Ten rat bioassays and one mouse assay have shown statistically significant increases in renal tumors with dietary and subcutaneous exposure to several soluble lead salts. Animal assays provide reproducible results in several laboratories, in multiple rat strains with some evidence of multiple tumor sites. Short term studies show that lead affects gene expression. Human evidence is inadequate. |
| 190 | Libby Amphibole Asbestos | 1318-09-8 | Inhalation | Carcinogenic to humans | Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 2005) | Under the EPA Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 2005a), Libby Amphibole asbestos (LAA) is "carcinogenic to humans" following inhalation exposure based on epidemiologic evidence that shows a convincing association between exposure to LAA fibers and increased lung cancer and mesothelioma mortality. |
| 191 | Linuron | 330-55-2 | Undefined | C (Possible human carcinogen) | Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1986) | Limited evidence indicated linuron produced increases in both testicular hyperplasia and adenomas in male rats in three separate studies. Hepatocellular adenomas were observed in female mice in a single study at the highest dose group tested; the tumors were benign and showed no progression toward malignancy. |
| 192 | Manganese | 7439-96-5 | Undefined | D (Not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity) | Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1986) | Existing studies are inadequate to assess the carcinogenicity of manganese. |
| 193 | Mercuric chloride (HgCl2) | 7487-94-7 | Undefined | C (Possible human carcinogen) | Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1986) | Based on the absence of data in humans and limited evidence of carcinogenicity in rats and mice. Focal papillary hyperplasia and squamous cell papillomas in the forestomach as well as thyroid follicular cell adenomas and carcinomas were observed in male rats gavaged with mercuric chloride for 2 years. The relevance of the forestomach papillomas to assessment of cancer in humans is questionable because no evidence indicated that the papillomas progressed to malignancy. The relevance of the increase in thyroid tumors has also been questioned because these tumors are generally considered to be secondary to hyperplasia; this effect was not observed in the high-dose males. It should also be noted that the authors considered the doses used in the study to exceed the MTD for male rats. In the same study, evidence for increases in squamous cell papillomas in the forestomach of female rats was equivocal. In a second study, equivocal evidence for renal adenomas and adenocarcinomas was observed in male mice; there was a significant positive trend. This tumor type is rare in mice, and the increase in incidence was statistically significant when compared with historic controls. Two other nonpositive lifetime rodent studies were considered inadequate. Mercuric chloride showed mixed results in a number of genotoxicity assays. |
| 194 | Mercury, elemental | 7439-97-6 | Undefined | D (Not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity) | Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1986) | Based on inadequate human and animal data. Epidemiologic studies failed to show a correlation between exposure to elemental mercury vapor and carcinogenicity; the findings in these studies were confounded by possible or known concurrent exposures to other chemicals, including human carcinogens, as well as lifestyle factors (e.g., smoking). Findings from genotoxicity tests are severely limited and provide equivocal evidence that mercury adversely affects the number or structure of chromosomes in human somatic cells. |
| 195 | Methidathion | 950-37-8 | Undefined | C (Possible human carcinogen) | Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1986) | Increased incidence of liver adenomas, carcinomas, and combined adenomas and carcinomas in male mice. There was no shortening of time to tumor. Short-term tests and structure/activity study were not supportive of a higher classification. |
| 196 | Methoxychlor | 72-43-5 | Undefined | D (Not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity) | Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1986) | Human data are unavailable, and animal evidence is inconclusive. |
| 197 | Methyl acrylate | 96-33-3 | Undefined | D (Not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity) | Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1986) | Based on inadequate evidence of carcinogenicity in animals and no human data. |
| 198 | Methyl chloride | 74-87-3 | Undefined | D (Not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity) | Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1986) | Applying the criteria for evaluating the overall weight-of-evidence for carcinogenicity to humans outlined in EPA's guidelines for carcinogen risk assessment (U.S. EPA, 1986), methyl chloride is most appropriately designated a Group D - Not classifiable as to its human carcinogenicity. Using the Proposed Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1996), the available data suggest that methyl chloride would be classified as an agent whose carcinogenic potential cannot be determined. |
| 199 | Methyl chloride | 74-87-3 | Undefined | Carcinogenic potential cannot be determined | Proposed Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1996) | Applying the criteria for evaluating the overall weight-of-evidence for carcinogenicity to humans outlined in EPA's guidelines for carcinogen risk assessment (U.S. EPA, 1986), methyl chloride is most appropriately designated a Group D - Not classifiable as to its human carcinogenicity. Using the Proposed Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1996), the available data suggest that methyl chloride would be classified as an agent whose carcinogenic potential cannot be determined. |
| 200 | Methyl ethyl ketone (MEK) | 78-93-3 | Undefined | Data are inadequate for an assessment of human carcinogenic potential | Revised Draft Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1999) | Under the draft revised guidelines for carcinogen risk assessment (U.S. EPA, 1999), EPA concludes the data are inadequate for an assessment of human carcinogenic potential of MEK. Studies of humans chronically exposed to MEK are inconclusive, and MEK has not been tested for carcinogenicity in animals by the oral or inhalation routes. |
| 201 | Methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK) | 108-10-1 | Undefined | Data are inadequate for an assessment of human carcinogenic potential | Revised Draft Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1999) | Under the draft revised cancer guidelines (U.S. EPA, 1999), the data for MIBK are inadequate for an assessment of human carcinogenic potential. No data were located regarding the existence of an association between cancer and MIBK exposure in humans, but studies of the in vivo and in vitro genotoxicity of MIBK overwhelmingly provided negative responses. |
| 202 | Methyl methacrylate | 80-62-6 | Undefined | Not likely to be carcinogenic to humans | Proposed Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1996) | Under EPA's 1986 Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment, MMA would be classified as evidence of non-carcinogenicity for humans or a Group E chemical. Under the Proposed Guidelines for Carcinogenic Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1996), MMA is considered not likely to be carcinogenic to humans by any route of exposure because it has been evaluated in four well-conducted chronic inhalation studies in three appropriate animal species without demonstrating carcinogenic effects. |
| 203 | Methyl methacrylate | 80-62-6 | Undefined | E (Evidence of non-carcinogenicity for humans) | Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1986) | Under EPA's 1986 Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment, MMA would be classified as evidence of non-carcinogenicity for humans or a Group E chemical. Under the Proposed Guidelines for Carcinogenic Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1996), MMA is considered not likely to be carcinogenic to humans by any route of exposure because it has been evaluated in four well-conducted chronic inhalation studies in three appropriate animal species without demonstrating carcinogenic effects. |
| 204 | Methylene Diphenyl Diisocyanate (monomeric MDI) and polymeric MDI (PMDI) | 101-68-8 | Undefined | D (Not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity) | Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1986) | Under U.S. EPA's 1996 Proposed Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment, the carcinogenic potential of MDI/PMDI would be characterized as "cannot be determined," but for which there is suggestive evidence that raises concern for carcinogenic effects. |
| 205 | Methylene Diphenyl Diisocyanate (monomeric MDI) and polymeric MDI (PMDI) | 101-68-8 | Undefined | Carcinogenic potential cannot be determined | Proposed Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1996) | Under U.S. EPA's 1996 Proposed Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment, the carcinogenic potential of MDI/PMDI would be characterized as "cannot be determined," but for which there is suggestive evidence that raises concern for carcinogenic effects. |
| 206 | 4,4'-Methylene bis(N,N'-dimethyl)aniline | 101-61-1 | Undefined | B2 (Probable human carcinogen - based on sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in animals) | Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1986) | Sufficient evidence from animal experiments: thyroid tumors in male and female rats, and liver carcinoma/adenoma in the female mice with a significant positive trend in male mice. There is evidence of mutagenic activity. There are no human data. |
| 207 | Methylmercury (MeHg) | 22967-92-6 | Undefined | C (Possible human carcinogen) | Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1986) | Based on inadequate data in humans and limited evidence of carcinogenicity in animals. Male ICR and B6C3F1 mice exposed to methylmercuric chloride in the diet had an increased incidence of renal adenomas, adenocarcinomas and carcinomas. The tumors were observed at a single site and in a single species and single sex. The renal epithelial cell hyperplasia and tumors were observed only in the presence of profound nephrotoxicity and were suggested to be a consequence of reparative changes in the cells. Several nonpositive cancer bioassays were also reported. Although genotoxicity test data suggest that methylmercury is capable of producing chromosomal and nuclear damage, there are also nonpositive genotoxicity data. |
| 208 | 2-Methylnaphthalene | 91-57-6 | Undefined | Data are inadequate for an assessment of human carcinogenic potential | Revised Draft Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1999) | Under the draft revised guidelines for carcinogen risk assessment (U.S. EPA, 1999), EPA concludes the data are inadequate for an assessment of human carcinogenic potential of 2-methylnaphthalene. Based on the absence of data concerning the carcinogenic potential of 2-methylnaphthalene in humans and limited equivocal evidence in animals. |
| 209 | 3-Methylphenol | 108-39-4 | Undefined | C (Possible human carcinogen) | Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1986) | Based on an increased incidence of skin papillomas in mice in an initiation-promotion study. The three cresol isomers produced positive results in genetic toxicity studies both alone and in combination. |
| 210 | 4-Methylphenol | 106-44-5 | Undefined | C (Possible human carcinogen) | Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1986) | Based on an increased incidence of skin papillomas in mice in an initiation-promotion study. The three cresol isomers produced positive results in genetic toxicity studies both alone and in combination. |
| 211 | 2-Methylphenol | 95-48-7 | Undefined | C (Possible human carcinogen) | Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1986) | Based on an increased incidence of skin papillomas in mice in an initiation-promotion study. The three cresol isomers produced positive results in genetic toxicity studies both alone and in combination. |
| 212 | Metolachlor | 51218-45-2 | Undefined | C (Possible human carcinogen) | Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1986) | Classification is based on the appearance of proliferative liver lesions (combined neoplastic nodules and carcinomas) at highest dose tested (3000 ppm) in female rats. |
| 213 | Metribuzin | 21087-64-9 | Undefined | D (Not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity) | Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1986) | No human data and inadequate evidence ffom animal bioassays. Metribuzin did not increase the incidence of tumors in a lifetime dietary study using CD-1 mice when compared with both concurrent and historic controls. In a 2-year feeding study in Wistar rats, no significant differences in neoplastic findings between the test and control groups were found. Short-term studies in bacteria and mammalian systems suggest that metribuzin is not mutagenic. |
| 214 | Monochloramine | 10599-90-3 | Undefined | D (Not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity) | Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1986) | Based on inadequate human data and equivocal evidence of carcinogenicity from animal bioassays. A 2-year bioassay showed a marginal increase in mononuclear cell leukemia in female F344/N rats. No evidence of carcinogenic activity was reported in male rats or in male or female B6C3F1 mice. Genotoxicity studies, both in vitro and in vivo, gave negative results. |
| 215 | Naphthalene | 91-20-3 | Undefined | C (Possible human carcinogen) | Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1986) | Using criteria of the 1986 Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment, naphthalene is classified in Group C, a possible human carcinogen. This is based on the inadequate data of carcinogenicity in humans exposed to naphthalene via the oral and inhalation routes, and the limited evidence of carcinogenicity in animals via the inhalation route. Using the 1996 Proposed Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment, the human carcinogenic potential of naphthalene via the oral or inhalation routes "cannot be determined" at this time based on human and animal data; however, there is suggestive evidence (observations of benign respiratory tumors and one carcinoma in female mice only exposed to naphthalene by inhalation [NTP, 1992a]). Additional support includes increase in respiratory tumors associated with exposure to 1-methylnaphthalene. |
| 216 | Naphthalene | 91-20-3 | Undefined | Carcinogenic potential cannot be determined | Proposed Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1996) | Using criteria of the 1986 Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment, naphthalene is classified in Group C, a possible human carcinogen. This is based on the inadequate data of carcinogenicity in humans exposed to naphthalene via the oral and inhalation routes, and the limited evidence of carcinogenicity in animals via the inhalation route. Using the 1996 Proposed Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment, the human carcinogenic potential of naphthalene via the oral or inhalation routes "cannot be determined" at this time based on human and animal data; however, there is suggestive evidence (observations of benign respiratory tumors and one carcinoma in female mice only exposed to naphthalene by inhalation [NTP, 1992a]). Additional support includes increase in respiratory tumors associated with exposure to 1-methylnaphthalene. |
| 217 | Nickel carbonyl | 13463-39-3 | Undefined | B2 (Probable human carcinogen - based on sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in animals) | Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1986) | Based upon the observation of pulmonary carcinomas and malignant tumors at various sites in rats administered nickel carbonyl by inhalation and intravenous injection, respectively. Nickel administered as nickel carbonyl binds to DNA. |
| 218 | Nickel refinery dust | None | Undefined | A (Human carcinogen) | Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1986) | Human data in which exposure to nickel refinery dust caused lung and nasal tumors in sulfide nickel matte refinery workers in several epidemiologic studies in different countries, and on animal data in which carcinomas were produced in rats by inhalation and injection. |
| 219 | Nickel subsulfide | 12035-72-2 | Undefined | A (Human carcinogen) | Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1986) | Increased risks of lung and nasal cancer in humans exposed to nickel refinery dust, most of which was believed to have been nickel subsulfide; increased tumor incidences in animals by several routes of administration in several animal species and strains; and positive results in genotoxicity assays form the basis for this classification. |
| 220 | Nitrobenzene | 98-95-3 | Combined | Likely to be carcinogenic to humans | Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 2005) | Under the Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 2005a), nitrobenzene is classified as "likely to be carcinogenic to humans" by any route of exposure. |
| 221 | Nitroguanidine | 556-88-7 | Undefined | D (Not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity) | Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1986) | Pertinent data regarding carcinogenicity have not been located in the available literature. |
| 222 | N-Nitroso-N-methylethylamine | 10595-95-6 | Undefined | B2 (Probable human carcinogen - based on sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in animals) | Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1986) | Increased incidence of tumors of the liver and other sites in two rat strains |
| 223 | N-Nitroso-di-n-butylamine | 924-16-3 | Undefined | B2 (Probable human carcinogen - based on sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in animals) | Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1986) | Increased incidences of several tumor types in rats, mice, and hamsters exposed by various routes. |
| 224 | N-Nitrosodi-N-propylamine | 621-64-7 | Undefined | B2 (Probable human carcinogen - based on sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in animals) | Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1986) | Increased tumor incidence at multiple sites in two rodent species and in monkeys administered the compound by various routes |
| 225 | N-Nitrosodiethanolamine | 1116-54-7 | Undefined | B2 (Probable human carcinogen - based on sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in animals) | Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1986) | Increased incidence of liver tumors and tumors at other sites in three strains of rats and in hamsters |
| 226 | N-Nitrosodiethylamine | 55-18-5 | Undefined | B2 (Probable human carcinogen - based on sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in animals) | Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1986) | Induction of tumors at multiple sites in both rodent and nonrodent species exposed by various routes. |
| 227 | N-Nitrosodimethylamine | 62-75-9 | Undefined | B2 (Probable human carcinogen - based on sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in animals) | Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1986) | Induction of tumors at multiple sites in both rodents and nonrodent mammals exposed by various routes. |
| 228 | N-Nitrosodiphenylamine | 86-30-6 | Undefined | B2 (Probable human carcinogen - based on sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in animals) | Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1986) | Increased incidence of bladder tumors in male and female rats and reticulum cell sarcomas in mice, and structural relationship to carcinogenic nitrosamines |
| 229 | N-Nitrosopyrrolidine | 930-55-2 | Undefined | B2 (Probable human carcinogen - based on sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in animals) | Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1986) | Tumors at more than one site have been observed in two rodent species administered nitrosopyrrolidine orally. |
| 230 | Nonabromodiphenyl ether | 63936-56-1 | Undefined | D (Not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity) | Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1986) | No human data and no animal data available. |
| 231 | Octabromodiphenyl ether | 32536-52-0 | Undefined | D (Not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity) | Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1986) | No human data and no animal data available. |
| 232 | Octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine (HMX) | 2691-41-0 | Undefined | D (Not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity) | Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1986) | No cancer bioassays or epidemiological studies are available. |
| 233 | Oryzalin | 19044-88-3 | Undefined | C (Possible human carcinogen) | Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1986) | Oryzalin produced tumors (generally benign) at multiple sites in male and female rats. It is structurally related to 2,4-diaminoanisole sulfate which causes malignant tumors at similar sites. |
| 234 | Paraquat | 1910-42-5 | Undefined | C (Possible human carcinogen) | Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1986) | Paraquat produced squamous cell carcinoma, an uncommon tumor, in the head region in both sexes of Fischer 344 rats. |
| 235 | Parathion | 56-38-2 | Undefined | C (Possible human carcinogen) | Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1986) | Increased adrenal cortical tumors in female and male Osborne-Mendel rats and positive trends for thyroid follicular adenomas and pancreatic islet-cell carcinomas in male rats in one study. |
| 236 | Pentabromodiphenyl ether | 32534-81-9 | Undefined | D (Not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity) | Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1986) | No human data and animal data available. |
| 237 | 2,2',4,4',5-Pentabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-99) | 60348-60-9 | Undefined | Inadequate information to assess carcinogenic potential | Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 2005) | Under the Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 2005a), there is "inadequate information to assess the carcinogenic potential" of 2,2',4,4',5-pentabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-99). |
| 238 | Pentachlorobenzene | 608-93-5 | Undefined | D (Not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity) | Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1986) | No human data and no animal data available. |
| 239 | Pentachlorocyclopentadiene | 25329-35-5 | Undefined | D (Not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity) | Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1986) | Lack of data concerning carcinogenicity to humans or animals. |
| 240 | Pentachlorophenol | 87-86-5 | Undefined | Likely to be carcinogenic to humans | Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 2005) | Under the Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 2005a), PCP is "likely to be carcinogenic to humans." |
| 241 | Perchlorate (ClO4) and Perchlorate Salts | 7790-98-9 | Undefined | Not likely to be carcinogenic to humans | Revised Draft Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1999) | Under U.S. EPAs 1999 Draft Revised Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment, perchlorate is not likely to pose a risk of thyroid cancer in humans, at least at doses below those necessary to alter thyroid hormone homeostasis, based on the hormonally-mediated mode of action in rodent studies and species differences in thyroid function. |
| 242 | Perfluorobutanoic Acid (PFBA) | 375-22-4 | Oral | Inadequate information to assess carcinogenic potential | Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 2005) | None |
| 243 | Perfluorohexanoic Acid (PFHxA) | 307-24-4 | Combined | Inadequate information to assess carcinogenic potential | Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 2005) | None |
| 244 | Phenanthrene | 85-01-8 | Undefined | D (Not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity) | Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1986) | Based on no human data and inadequate data from a single gavage study in rats and skin painting and injection studies in mice. |
| 245 | Phenol | 108-95-2 | Undefined | Data are inadequate for an assessment of human carcinogenic potential | Revised Draft Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1999) | Under Draft Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1999), the data regarding the carcinogenicity of phenol via the oral, inhalation, and dermal exposure routes are inadequate for an assessment of human carcinogenic potential. Phenol was negative in oral carcinogenicity studies in rats and mice, but questions remain regarding increased leukemia in male rats in the bioassay as well as the positive gene mutation data and the positive results in dermal initiation/promotion studies at doses at or above the maximum tolerated dose (MTD). No inhalation studies of an appropriate duration exist. Therefore, no quantitative assessment of carcinogenic potential via any route is possible. |
| 246 | Phenol | 108-95-2 | Undefined | D (Not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity) | Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1986) | Under Draft Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1999), the data regarding the carcinogenicity of phenol via the oral, inhalation, and dermal exposure routes are inadequate for an assessment of human carcinogenic potential. Phenol was negative in oral carcinogenicity studies in rats and mice, but questions remain regarding increased leukemia in male rats in the bioassay as well as the positive gene mutation data and the positive results in dermal initiation/promotion studies at doses at or above the maximum tolerated dose (MTD). No inhalation studies of an appropriate duration exist. Therefore, no quantitative assessment of carcinogenic potential via any route is possible. |
| 247 | Phosgene | 75-44-5 | Undefined | Inadequate information to assess carcinogenic potential | Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 2005) | Under the Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 2005b), there is inadequate information to assess carcinogenic potential of phosgene. A single epidemiology study was not considered adequate for evaluating carcinogenic potential in humans, and no animal cancer bioassays of phosgene have been conducted. |
| 248 | Phosphine | 7803-51-2 | Undefined | D (Not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity) | Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1986) | Based on inadequate data in animals and no tumor data in humans. While phospine has not been associated with cancer in humans, there is some evidence of chromosomal damage (transient chromatid deletions, gaps and breaks, persistent chromosomal translocations). A relationship between these genetic effects and the development of cancer in humans is sometimes postulated. |
| 249 | Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) | 1336-36-3 | Undefined | B2 (Probable human carcinogen - based on sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in animals) | Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1986) | A 1996 study found liver tumors in female rats exposed to Aroclors 1260, 1254, 1242, and 1016, and in male rats exposed to 1260. These mixtures contain overlapping groups of congeners that, together, span the range of congeners most often found in environmental mixtures. Earlier studies found high, statistically significant incidences of liver tumors in rats ingesting Aroclor 1260 or Clophen A 60 (Kimbrough et al., 1975 Norback and Weltman, 1985 Schaeffer et al., 1984). Mechanistic studies are beginning to identify several congeners that have dioxin-like activity and may promote tumors by different modes of action. PCBs are absorbed through ingestion, inhalation, and dermal exposure, after which they are transported similarly through the circulation. This provides a reasonable basis for expecting similar internal effects from different routes of environmental exposure. Information on relative absorption rates suggests that differences in toxicity across exposure routes are small. The human studies are being updated currently available evidence is inadequate, but suggestive. |
| 250 | Prochloraz | 67747-09-5 | Undefined | C (Possible human carcinogen) | Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1986) | Statistically significantly increased incidence and dose-related trend in liver adenomas and carcinomas (combined) in both sexes of one strain of mouse. |
| 251 | Propionaldehyde | 123-38-6 | Undefined | Inadequate information to assess carcinogenic potential | Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 2005) | In accordance with the Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 2005a), there is "inadequate information to assess the carcinogenic potential" for propionaldehyde. |
| 252 | Propylene oxide | 75-56-9 | Undefined | B2 (Probable human carcinogen - based on sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in animals) | Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1986) | Based on inadequate human data and an increased incidence of benign and malignant tumors at the site of exposure in two species of animals, when exposed by subcutaneous injection, by inhalation, and by gavage. There was also evidence of mutagenicity in a variety of test systems. Propylene oxide is structurally similar to other chemicals that demonstrate carcinogenic activity in animals. |
| 253 | Pyrene | 129-00-0 | Undefined | D (Not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity) | Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1986) | Based on no human data and inadequate data from animal bioassays. |
| 254 | Quinoline | 91-22-5 | Undefined | Known/likely human carcinogen | Proposed Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1996) | Quinoline is considered likely to be carcinogenic in humans in accordance with proposed EPA carcinogen risk assessment guidelines (U.S. EPA, 1996) on the basis of observations of exposure-related increased incidence of an unusual malignant tumor in multiple strains of rats and mice, multiple experiments using oral, i.p. and s.c. dosing at an early age. This determination is supported by studies that demonstrate that quinoline is genotoxic. |
| 255 | Quinoline | 91-22-5 | Undefined | B2 (Probable human carcinogen - based on sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in animals) | Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1986) | Quinoline is considered likely to be carcinogenic in humans in accordance with proposed EPA carcinogen risk assessment guidelines (U.S. EPA, 1996) on the basis of observations of exposure-related increased incidence of an unusual malignant tumor in multiple strains of rats and mice, multiple experiments using oral, i.p. and s.c. dosing at an early age. This determination is supported by studies that demonstrate that quinoline is genotoxic. |
| 256 | Refractory ceramic fibers | None | Undefined | B2 (Probable human carcinogen - based on sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in animals) | Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1986) | No human data and sufficient evidence from animal studies. Chronic inhalation studies showed that several types of RCFs induced mesotheliomas and lung tumors in rats and hamsters. Administration of RCFs by intraperitoneal/intrapleural injection or intratracheal instillation also caused peritoneal/pleural mesotheliomas or lung tumors in rats and hamsters. |
| 257 | Selenious acid | 7783-00-8 | Undefined | D (Not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity) | Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1986) | Based on inadequate human data and inadequate evidence of carcinogenicity in animals. The evidence for various selenium compounds in animal and mutagenicity studies is conflicting and difficult to interpret; however, evidence for selenium sulfide is sufficient for a B2 (probable human carcinogen) classification. |
| 258 | Selenium and Compounds | 7782-49-2 | Undefined | D (Not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity) | Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1986) | Based on inadequate human data and inadequate evidence of carcinogenicity in animals. The evidence for various selenium compounds in animal and mutagenicity studies is conflicting and difficult to interpret; however, evidence for selenium sulfide is sufficient for a B2 (probable human carcinogen) classification. |
| 259 | Selenium sulfide | 7446-34-6 | Undefined | B2 (Probable human carcinogen - based on sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in animals) | Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1986) | Based on inadequate data from human studies and sufficient evidence in animals. When administered orally, selenium sulfide produced hepatocellular carcinomas in both sexes of F344 rats and female B6C3F1 mice and alveolar/bronchiolar carcinomas or adenomas in female B6C3F1 mice. |
| 260 | Silver | 7440-22-4 | Undefined | D (Not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity) | Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1986) | In animals, local sarcomas have been induced after implantation of foils and discs of silver. However, the interpretation of these findings has been questioned due to the phenomenon of solid-state carcinogenesis in which even insoluble solids such as plastic have been shown to result in local fibrosarcomas. |
| 261 | Tetrabromodiphenyl ether | 40088-47-9 | Undefined | D (Not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity) | Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1986) | No human data and no animal data available. |
| 262 | 2,2',4,4'-Tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-47) | 5436-43-1 | Undefined | Inadequate information to assess carcinogenic potential | Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 2005) | Under the Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 2005a), there is "inadequate information to assess the carcinogenic potential" of 2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-47). |
| 263 | Tetrachlorocyclopentadiene | 695-77-2 | Undefined | D (Not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity) | Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1986) | Lack of data concerning carcinogenicity in humans or animals. |
| 264 | 1,1,1,2-Tetrachloroethane | 630-20-6 | Undefined | C (Possible human carcinogen) | Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1986) | Increased incidence of combined hepatocellular adenomas and carcinomas in female mice; inadequate evidence from human studies. |
| 265 | 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane | 79-34-5 | Undefined | Likely to be carcinogenic to humans | Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 2005) | Under the Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 2005a) 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane is "likely to be carcinogenic to humans." |
| 266 | Tetrachloroethylene (Perchloroethylene) | 127-18-4 | Undefined | Likely to be carcinogenic to humans | Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 2005) | Following EPA (2005a) Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment, tetrachloroethylene is "likely to be carcinogenic in humans by all routes of exposure." |
| 267 | Tetrahydrofuran | 109-99-9 | Undefined | Suggestive evidence of carcinogenic potential | Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 2005) | Under EPA’s Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 2005a), the database for THF provides "suggestive evidence of carcinogenic potential." |
| 268 | Thallium (I), soluble salts | Various | Undefined | Inadequate information to assess carcinogenic potential | Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 2005) | Under the Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 2005a), the database for thallium and compounds provides "inadequate information to assess carcinogenic potential." |
| 269 | Thallium acetate | 563-68-8 | Undefined | Inadequate information to assess carcinogenic potential | Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 2005) | Under the Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 2005a), the database for thallium and compounds provides "inadequate information to assess carcinogenic potential." |
| 270 | Thallium carbonate | 6533-73-9 | Undefined | Inadequate information to assess carcinogenic potential | Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 2005) | Under the Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 2005a), the database for thallium and compounds provides "inadequate information to assess carcinogenic potential." |
| 271 | Thallium chloride | 7791-12-0 | Undefined | Inadequate information to assess carcinogenic potential | Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 2005) | Under the Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 2005a), the database for thallium and compounds provides "inadequate information to assess carcinogenic potential." |
| 272 | Thallium nitrate | 10102-45-1 | Undefined | Inadequate information to assess carcinogenic potential | Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 2005) | Under the Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 2005a), the database for thallium and compounds provides "inadequate information to assess carcinogenic potential." |
| 273 | Thallium oxide | 1314-32-5 | Undefined | Inadequate information to assess carcinogenic potential | Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 2005) | Under the Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 2005a), the database for thallium and compounds provides "inadequate information to assess carcinogenic potential." |
| 274 | Thallium selenite | 12039-52-0 | Undefined | Inadequate information to assess carcinogenic potential | Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 2005) | Under the Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 2005a), the database for thallium and compounds provides "inadequate information to assess carcinogenic potential." |
| 275 | Thallium(I) sulfate | 7446-18-6 | Undefined | Inadequate information to assess carcinogenic potential | Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 2005) | Under the Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 2005a), the database for thallium and compounds provides "inadequate information to assess carcinogenic potential." |
| 276 | Toluene | 108-88-3 | Undefined | Inadequate information to assess carcinogenic potential | Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 2005) | Under the Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 2005), there is inadequate information to assess the carcinogenic potential of toluene because studies of humans chronically exposed to toluene are inconclusive, toluene was not carcinogenic in adequate inhalation cancer bioassays of rats and mice exposed for life (CIIT, 1980 NTP, 1990 Huff, 2003), and increased incidences of mammary cancer and leukemia were reported in a lifetime rat oral bioassay at a dose level of 500 mg/kg-day but not at 800 mg/kg-day (Maltoni et al., 1997). |
| 277 | Toxaphene | 8001-35-2 | Undefined | B2 (Probable human carcinogen - based on sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in animals) | Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1986) | The classification is based on increased incidence of hepatocellular tumors in mice and thyroid tumors in rats and is supported by mutagenicity in Salmonella. |
| 278 | Tribromochloromethane | 594-15-0 | Undefined | D (Not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity) | Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1986) | Based on no human or animal cancer data. |
| 279 | Tribromodiphenyl ether | 49690-94-0 | Undefined | D (Not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity) | Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1986) | No human data and no animal data available. |
| 280 | Tributyltin oxide (TBTO) | 56-35-9 | Undefined | Carcinogenic potential cannot be determined | Proposed Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1996) | There are no data in humans concerning development of cancer following exposure to tributyltin oxide (TBTO). Cancer bioassays following oral exposure have been conducted in rats and mice. Because of the questionable data from the bioassay in rats, EPA assigns TBTO to the "cannot be determined" category [U.S. EPA, 1996 (proposed)]. |
| 281 | Tributyltin oxide (TBTO) | 56-35-9 | Undefined | D (Not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity) | Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1986) | There are no data in humans concerning development of cancer following exposure to tributyltin oxide (TBTO). Cancer bioassays following oral exposure have been conducted in rats and mice. Because of the questionable data from the bioassay in rats, EPA assigns TBTO to the "cannot be determined" category [U.S. EPA, 1996 (proposed)]. |
| 282 | Trichloroacetic acid | 76-03-9 | Undefined | Suggestive evidence of carcinogenic potential | Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 2005) | Under the Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (Cancer Guidelines) (U.S. EPA, 2005a), there is suggestive evidence of carcinogenic potential for TCA based on significantly increased incidences of liver tumors in male B6C3F1 mice exposed via drinking water for 52–104 weeks (DeAngelo et al., 2008 Bull et al., 2002, 1990 Herren-Freund et al., 1987) and female B6C3F1 mice exposed for 51 or 82 weeks (Pereira, 1996), and lack of treatment-related tumors in a study of male F344/N rats following lifetime exposure in drinking water (DeAngelo et al., 1997). |
| 283 | 1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene | 120-82-1 | Undefined | D (Not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity) | Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1986) | A dermal exposure study in mice was found inadequate for drawing conclusions as to carcinogenicity in humans. |
| 284 | Trichlorocyclopentadiene | 77323-84-3 | Undefined | D (Not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity) | Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1986) | Lack of data concerning carcinogenicity in humans or animals. |
| 285 | 1,1,1-Trichloroethane | 71-55-6 | Undefined | Inadequate information to assess carcinogenic potential | Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 2005) | Under the Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 2005a), the database for 1,1,1-trichloroethane provides "inadequate information to assess carcinogenic potential." |
| 286 | 1,1,2-Trichloroethane | 79-00-5 | Undefined | C (Possible human carcinogen) | Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1986) | Hepatocellular carcinomas and pheochromocytomas in one strain of mice forms the basis for this classification. Carcinogenicity was not shown in rats. 1,1,2-Trichloroethane is structurally related to 1,2-dichloroethane, a probable human carcinogen. |
| 287 | Trichloroethylene | 79-01-6 | Combined | Carcinogenic to humans | Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 2005) | Under the Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 2005), TCE is characterized as "carcinogenic to humans" by all routes of exposure. |
| 288 | 2,4,6-Trichlorophenol | 88-06-2 | Undefined | B2 (Probable human carcinogen - based on sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in animals) | Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1986) | Based on no human data and sufficient evidence in animals; namely, increased incidence of lymphomas or leukemias in male rats and hepatocellular adenomas or carcinomas in male and female mice. |
| 289 | 2(2,4,5-Trichlorophenoxy) propionic acid (2,4,5-TP) | 93-72-1 | Undefined | D (Not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity) | Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1986) | Human data are not available and the available animal cancer bioassay studies are considered to be inadequate. |
| 290 | 1,2,3-Trichloropropane | 96-18-4 | Undefined | Likely to be carcinogenic to humans | Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 2005) | Under the Guidelines for Carcinogenic Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 2005), 1,2,3-trichloropropane is "likely to be carcinogenic to humans", based on a statistically significant and dose-related increase in the formation of multiple tumors in both sexes of two species from an NTP (1993) chronic oral bioassay. |
| 291 | Trifluralin | 1582-09-8 | Undefined | C (Possible human carcinogen) | Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1986) | Classification is based on the induction of urinary tract tumors (renal pelvis carcinomas and urinary bladder papillomas) and thyroid tumors (adenomas/carcinomas combined) in one animal species (F344 rats) in one study. Trifluralin is structurally similar to ethalfluralin, a carcinogen in the rat. |
| 292 | 1,2,3-Trimethylbenzene | 526-73-8 | None | Inadequate information to assess carcinogenic potential | Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 2005) | Under the Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA 2005), there is “inadequate information to assess carcinogenic potential” of TMBs. This characterization is based on the fact that there is no information regarding the carcinogenicity of TMBs in humans and that the only animal study available on the carcinogenicity of 1,2,4‑TMB observed no statistically significant carcinogenic effects. No studies regarding the carcinogenicity of 1,2,3‑TMB or 1,3,5‑TMB were identified in the available scientific literature. |
| 293 | 1,3,5-Trimethylbenzene | 108-67-8 | None | Inadequate information to assess carcinogenic potential | Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 2005) | Under the Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA 2005), there is “inadequate information to assess carcinogenic potential” of TMBs. This characterization is based on the fact that there is no information regarding the carcinogenicity of TMBs in humans and that the only animal study available on the carcinogenicity of 1,2,4‑TMB observed no statistically significant carcinogenic effects. No studies regarding the carcinogenicity of 1,2,3‑TMB or 1,3,5‑TMB were identified in the available scientific literature. |
| 294 | 1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene | 95-63-6 | None | Inadequate information to assess carcinogenic potential | Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 2005) | Under the Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA 2005), there is “inadequate information to assess carcinogenic potential” of TMBs. This characterization is based on the fact that there is no information regarding the carcinogenicity of TMBs in humans and that the only animal study available on the carcinogenicity of 1,2,4‑TMB observed no statistically significant carcinogenic effects. No studies regarding the carcinogenicity of 1,2,3‑TMB or 1,3,5‑TMB were identified in the available scientific literature. |
| 295 | 2,2,4-Trimethylpentane | 540-84-1 | Oral | Inadequate information to assess carcinogenic potential | Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 2005) | In accordance with the Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 2005a), there is inadequate information to assess carcinogenic potential for 2,2,4-trimethylpentane. |
| 296 | 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene (TNT) | 118-96-7 | Undefined | C (Possible human carcinogen) | Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1986) | Evidence of human carcinogenicity is inadequate. Urinary bladder papilloma and carcinoma were observed in female Fischer 344 rats. Mutagenic activity was observed in Salmonella with and without metabolic activation. |
| 297 | Urea | 57-13-6 | Undefined | Inadequate information to assess carcinogenic potential | Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 2005) | Under the Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 2005a), there is "inadequate information to assess the carcinogenic potential" of urea. |
| 298 | Vinyl chloride | 75-01-4 | Undefined | Known/likely human carcinogen | Proposed Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1996) | On the basis of sufficient evidence for carcinogenicity in human epidemiology studies, VC is considered to best fit the weight-of-evidence Category "A," according to current EPA Risk Assessment Guidelines (U.S. EPA, 1986). Under the Proposed Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1996), it is concluded that VC is a known human carcinogen by the inhalation route of exposure, based on human epidemiological data, and by analogy the oral route because of positive animal bioassay data as well as pharmacokinetic data allowing dose extrapolation across routes. VC is also considered highly likely to be carcinogenic by the dermal route because it is well absorbed and acts systemically. |
| 299 | Vinyl chloride | 75-01-4 | Undefined | A (Human carcinogen) | Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1986) | On the basis of sufficient evidence for carcinogenicity in human epidemiology studies, VC is considered to best fit the weight-of-evidence Category "A," according to current EPA Risk Assessment Guidelines (U.S. EPA, 1986). Under the Proposed Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1996), it is concluded that VC is a known human carcinogen by the inhalation route of exposure, based on human epidemiological data, and by analogy the oral route because of positive animal bioassay data as well as pharmacokinetic data allowing dose extrapolation across routes. VC is also considered highly likely to be carcinogenic by the dermal route because it is well absorbed and acts systemically. |
| 300 | White phosphorus | 7723-14-0 | Undefined | D (Not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity) | Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1986) | Based on no data in humans or animals. |
| 301 | Xylenes | 1330-20-7 | Undefined | Data are inadequate for an assessment of human carcinogenic potential | Revised Draft Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1999) | Under the Draft Revised Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1999), data are inadequate for an assessment of the carcinogenic potential of xylenes. Adequate human data on the carcinogenicity of xylenes are not available, and the available animal data are inconclusive as to the ability of xylenes to cause a carcinogenic response. Evaluations of the genotoxic effects of xylenes have consistently given negative results. |
| 302 | Zinc and Compounds | 7440-66-6 | Undefined | Inadequate information to assess carcinogenic potential | Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 2005) | Under the Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 2005), there is inadequate information to assess carcinogenic potential of zinc, because studies of humans occupationally-exposed to zinc are inadequate or inconclusive, adequate animal bioassays of the possible carcinogenicity of zinc are not available, and results of genotoxic tests of zinc have been equivocal. |
| 303 | Zinc and Compounds | 7440-66-6 | Undefined | Data are inadequate for an assessment of human carcinogenic potential | Revised Draft Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1999) | Under the Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 2005), there is inadequate information to assess carcinogenic potential of zinc, because studies of humans occupationally-exposed to zinc are inadequate or inconclusive, adequate animal bioassays of the possible carcinogenicity of zinc are not available, and results of genotoxic tests of zinc have been equivocal. |
| 304 | Zinc and Compounds | 7440-66-6 | Undefined | Not applicable. This substance was not assessed using the 1986 cancer guidelines (U.S. EPA, 1986). | Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1986) | Under the Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 2005), there is inadequate information to assess carcinogenic potential of zinc, because studies of humans occupationally-exposed to zinc are inadequate or inconclusive, adequate animal bioassays of the possible carcinogenicity of zinc are not available, and results of genotoxic tests of zinc have been equivocal. |
| 305 | Zinc and Compounds | 7440-66-6 | Undefined | D (Not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity) | Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1986) | Under the Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 2005), there is inadequate information to assess carcinogenic potential of zinc, because studies of humans occupationally-exposed to zinc are inadequate or inconclusive, adequate animal bioassays of the possible carcinogenicity of zinc are not available, and results of genotoxic tests of zinc have been equivocal. |
| 306 | n-Butanol | 71-36-3 | Undefined | D (Not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity) | Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1986) | Based on no human and no animal cancer data. |
| 307 | tert-Butyl Alcohol (tBA) | 75-65-0 | None | Suggestive evidence of carcinogenic potential | Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 2005) | Under EPA’s Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 2005), tert-butyl alcohol has “suggestive evidence of carcinogenic potential” for all routes of exposure based on some evidence in animals. |
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